<–2/”>a >E — WASTE
E-Waste is not hazardous if it is stocked in safe storage or recycled by scientific methods or transported from one place to the other in parts or in totality in the formal sector. The e-waste can be considered hazardous if recycled by primitive methods
Survey was carried out by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) during 2005
In India, among top ten cities; Mumbai ranks first in generating e-waste followed by Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmadabad, Hyderabad, Pune, Surat and Nagpur.
SOLID WASTE
the discarded (abandoned or considered waste-like) materials
does not include solid or dissolved materials in domestic sewage, or
solid or dissolved materials in Irrigation return flows or industrial discharges0
Conventional plastics have been associated with reproductive problems in both humans and wildlife.
Dioxin (highly carcinogenic and toxic) by-product of the manufacturing process is one of the chemicals believed to be passed on through breast milk to the nursing infant.
Burning of plastics, especially PVC releases this dioxin and also furan into the Atmosphere.
Pyrolysis-It is a process of combustion in absence of Oxygen or the material burnt under controlled atmosphere of oxygen. It is an alternative to incineration. The gas and liquid thus obtained can be used as fuels.
Waste minimization Circles (WMC)
helps Small and Medium Industrial Clusters in waste minimization in their industrial Plants. assisted by the World Bank with the Ministry of Environment and Forests acting as the nodal ministry. being implemented with the assistance of National Productivity Council (NPC), New Delhi.
aims to realise the objectives of the Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollution (1992), which states that the government should educate citizens about environmental risks, the economic and Health dangers of resource degradation and the real economic cost of natural Resources.
BIOREMEDIATION
the use of Microorganisms (bacteria and Fungi) to degrade the environmental contaminants into less toxic forms.
Phytoremediation/”>Phytoremediation
is use of plants to remove contaminants from Soil and water .
Rhizofiltration
- a water remediation technique that involves the uptake of contaminants by plant roots.
- used to reduce contamination in natural wetlands and estuary areas.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Notification on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of developmental
projects 1994 under the provisions of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 making EIA mandatory for 29 categories of developmental projects. One more item was added to the list in January, 2000. environmental impact assessment statutory for 30 activities
Environment Impact Assessment Notification of 2006 has categorized the developmental projects in two categories, i.e., Category A and Category B
Ministry of Environment & Forests
‘Category A’ projects are appraised at national level by expert appraisal committee
India has constituted the State Level Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) and State Level Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC) to decentralize the environmental clearance process
The objective of EIA is to foresee and address potential environmental problems/ concerns at an early stage of project planning and design.
The EIA notification establishes four stages for obtaining Environmental Clearance.
- Screening
- Scoping and consideration of alternatives Baseline data collection
- Impact prediction
- Assessment of alternatives, delineation of mitigation measures and environmental impact statement
- Public hearing
- Environment Management Plan DECISION MAKING
- Monitoring the clearance conditions
Screening- It is only for Categories B
Screening Criteria are based upon:
- Scales of Investment; • Type of development; and, • Location of development
B1 Categories project require Environmental Impact Assessment while B2 category projects are exempted from EIA.
State Level Expert Appraisal Committee determine about project categories
Climate Change
- It is the long term change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods of time
- Though it has been happening naturally for millions of years, in recent years it has accelerated due to anthropogenic causes and has been causing Global Warming.
- UNFCCC defines Climate Change as – “a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activitythat alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods”
- Alternative Energy sources
- RENEWABLE ENERGY
- Nuclear Power
- Reduce the carbon intensity of fossil fuels
- Energy Efficiency and conservation
- Transport and urban planning
- Building design
- Reforestation and avoid deforestation
- Eliminating waste methane
- Geoengineering
- Greenhouse gas remediation
- Biomass/”>Biomass
- Carbon air capture
- Carbon capture and storage
- Societal control
- Population
- Sustainable life-style
- Greenhouse gas remediation
,
Environmental pollution is the contamination of the physical and biological components of the Earth/atmosphere system to such an extent that normal environmental processes are adversely affected. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or Light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. Air Pollution, Water Pollution, soil contamination, Noise Pollution and light pollution are some of the different types of environmental pollution.
Air pollution is the contamination of the air by noxious gases, chemicals, particulate matter, and biological materials. Air pollution can cause respiratory problems, heart disease, and cancer. It can also damage crops and Ecosystems.
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, such as lakes, rivers, and Oceans, by harmful substances. Water pollution can cause fish kills, algae blooms, and other problems that can harm human health and the environment.
Soil Pollution is the contamination of soil by harmful substances, such as pesticides, herbicides, and heavy metals. Soil pollution can make the soil unusable for agriculture or other purposes. It can also contaminate groundwater and surface water.
Noise pollution is the unwanted or excessive Sound that can have harmful effects on human health and the environment. Noise pollution can cause hearing loss, Stress, and sleep problems. It can also disrupt wildlife and ecosystems.
Light pollution is the excessive use of artificial light at night. Light pollution can disrupt the natural cycles of plants and animals. It can also make it difficult to see stars and planets in the night sky.
Thermal pollution is the release of excess heat into the environment. Thermal pollution can cause changes in water temperature, which can harm fish and other aquatic life. It can also damage ecosystems.
Nuclear pollution is the contamination of the environment by radioactive materials. Nuclear pollution can cause cancer and other health problems. It can also damage ecosystems.
Chemical pollution is the contamination of the environment by harmful chemicals. Chemical pollution can cause cancer, birth defects, and other health problems. It can also damage ecosystems.
Plastic pollution is the contamination of the environment by plastic materials. Plastic pollution can harm wildlife and ecosystems. It can also take hundreds of years to decompose.
Marine pollution is the contamination of the ocean by harmful substances. Marine pollution can harm fish and other marine life. It can also damage coral reefs and other marine ecosystems.
Land pollution is the contamination of the land by harmful substances. Land pollution can make the land unusable for agriculture or other purposes. It can also contaminate groundwater and surface water.
Environmental pollution is a serious problem that can have a devastating impact on human health and the environment. It is important to take steps to reduce pollution and protect our planet.
There are many things that can be done to reduce pollution. Some of the most important steps include:
- Reducing our reliance on fossil fuels
- Conserving energy
- Recycling and composting
- Reducing our consumption of goods and Services
- Supporting sustainable businesses
- Getting involved in environmental activism
By taking these steps, we can help to protect our planet and ensure a healthy future for all.
What is climate change?
Climate change is the long-term alteration of temperature and typical weather patterns in a place. Climate change could refer to a particular location or the planet as a whole. Climate change may cause weather patterns to be less predictable. A region might experience lower or higher than Average temperatures. Climate change may cause more frequent and severe weather events, such as storms, floods and droughts.
What are the Causes of Climate Change?
The main cause of climate change is the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. These gases trap heat in the atmosphere, causing it to warm. Greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere from a number of sources, including burning fossil fuels for electricity, heat and transportation, deforestation, and agriculture.
What are the effects of climate change?
Climate change is already having a significant impact on the planet. The Earth’s average temperature has increased by about 1 degree Celsius since the late 19th century. This warming is causing a number of changes, including rising sea levels, melting Glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme weather events, and changes in plant and animal life.
What can be done to reduce climate change?
There are a number of things that can be done to reduce climate change. These include reducing greenhouse gas emissions, investing in renewable energy sources, and improving energy efficiency. Individuals can also help by making changes to their own lifestyles, such as driving less, using less energy in their homes, and eating less meat.
What is air pollution?
Air pollution is the contamination of the air by harmful substances. These substances can come from natural sources, such as Volcanoes-2/”>Volcanoes, or from human activities, such as burning fossil fuels. Air pollution can cause a number of health problems, including respiratory problems, heart disease, and cancer.
What are the causes of air pollution?
The main causes of air pollution are the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. These fuels release a number of harmful pollutants into the air, including carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides. Other sources of air pollution include industrial emissions, vehicle emissions, and agricultural emissions.
What are the effects of air pollution?
Air pollution can have a number of negative effects on human health. It can cause respiratory problems, such as asthma and bronchitis, heart disease, and cancer. Air pollution can also damage crops and ecosystems.
What can be done to reduce air pollution?
There are a number of things that can be done to reduce air pollution. These include reducing the use of fossil fuels, investing in renewable energy sources, and improving energy efficiency. Individuals can also help by making changes to their own lifestyles, such as driving less, using less energy in their homes, and eating less meat.
What is water pollution?
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, such as lakes, rivers, and oceans, by harmful substances. These substances can come from natural sources, such as runoff from agricultural fields, or from human activities, such as sewage discharges and industrial waste. Water pollution can cause a number of health problems, including gastrointestinal problems, reproductive problems, and neurological problems.
What are the causes of water pollution?
The main causes of water pollution are sewage discharges, industrial waste, and agricultural runoff. Sewage discharges can contain a variety of harmful pollutants, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Industrial waste can contain a variety of harmful chemicals, including heavy metals, pesticides, and solvents. Agricultural runoff can contain a variety of harmful pollutants, including Fertilizers, pesticides, and animal waste.
What are the effects of water pollution?
Water pollution can have a number of negative effects on human health. It can cause gastrointestinal problems, such as diarrhea and vomiting, reproductive problems, such as birth defects and infertility, and neurological problems, such as developmental delays and autism. Water pollution can also damage aquatic ecosystems, killing fish and other wildlife.
What can be done to reduce water pollution?
There are a number of things that can be done to reduce water pollution. These include treating sewage before it is discharged into waterways, regulating industrial waste discharges, and reducing agricultural runoff. Individuals can also help by reducing their water consumption, recycling water, and using less water-intensive products.
-
What is the main cause of air pollution?
(A) Cars
(B) Factories
(C) Power plants
(D) All of the above -
What is the main cause of water pollution?
(A) Sewage
(B) Industrial waste
(C) Agricultural runoff
(D) All of the above -
What is the main cause of land pollution?
(A) Garbage
(B) Mining
(C) Construction
(D) All of the above -
What are the effects of air pollution?
(A) Respiratory problems
(B) Heart disease
(C) Cancer
(D) All of the above -
What are the effects of water pollution?
(A) Fish kills
(B) Human health problems
(C) Ecosystem damage
(D) All of the above -
What are the effects of land pollution?
(A) Soil contamination
(B) Water contamination
(C) Air pollution
(D) All of the above -
What are some ways to reduce air pollution?
(A) Drive less
(B) Use public transportation
(C) Recycle
(D) All of the above -
What are some ways to reduce water pollution?
(A) Fix leaky pipes
(B) Don’t use pesticides or fertilizers
(C) Don’t flush wipes or other non-flushable items down the toilet
(D) All of the above -
What are some ways to reduce land pollution?
(A) Recycle
(B) Compost
(C) Reduce, reuse, and recycle
(D) All of the above -
What is the ozone layer?
(A) A layer of gas in the atmosphere that protects us from the sun’s harmful rays
(B) A layer of ice in the Arctic
(C) A layer of pollution in the atmosphere
(D) A layer of water in the ocean -
What is climate change?
(A) The long-term change in the Earth’s climate
(B) The short-term change in the Earth’s climate
(C) The change in the Earth’s climate that is caused by human activity
(D) The change in the Earth’s climate that is caused by natural causes -
What are some of the effects of climate change?
(A) Rising sea levels
(B) More extreme weather events
(C) Changes in plant and animal life
(D) All of the above -
What are some things we can do to reduce climate change?
(A) Reduce our carbon emissions
(B) Use renewable energy sources
(C) Plant trees
(D) All of the above -
What is deforestation?
(A) The clearing of forests
(B) The planting of forests
(C) The protection of forests
(D) The management of forests -
What are some of the effects of deforestation?
(A) Loss of Biodiversity-2/”>Biodiversity
(B) Soil erosion
(C) Climate change
(D) All of the above -
What are some things we can do to reduce deforestation?
(A) Plant trees
(B) Buy products that are made from sustainable wood
(C) Support organizations that are working to protect forests
(D) All of the above -
What is biodiversity?
(A) The variety of life on Earth
(B) The number of species on Earth
(C) The Genetic diversity within a species
(D) The ecosystem diversity on Earth -
What are some of the benefits of biodiversity?
(A) It provides us with food, water, and medicine
(B) It helps to regulate the climate
(C) It helps to prevent soil erosion
(D) All of the above -
What are some of the threats to biodiversity?
(A) Habitat loss
(B) Overexploitation
(C) Pollution
(D) All of the above -
What are some things we can do to protect biodiversity?
(A) Conserve forests
(B) Protect endangered species
(C) Reduce pollution
(D) All of the above