Enterpreneur And Commercial

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Division of Public Sector Enterprises (PSEs)

 

The division of the PSEs of the existing state of Andhra Pradesh

will be done according to the location of production facilities

 With the exception of a few PSEs, the headquarters of most of

them are located in Hyderabad. However, it is the location of

the production facility that will determine whether an enterprise

will be included in new Andhra Pradesh or Telangana. The

headquarters may continue to remain in Hyderabad for the

period in which it will serve as the common capital. After this,

enterprises that are allocated to the new Andhra Pradesh would

have to reallocate their headquarters to the new capital city. If

these enterprises are contributing significantly to state revenues,

new Andhra Pradesh may relocate their headquarters at the

earliest to a location within new Andhra Pradesh.

 

 

Division of government employees

 

In relation to the Indian Administrative Services, Indian Police

Services and Indian Forest Services, two separate cadres will

be created: one for new Andhra Pradesh and the other for

Telangana. From the day of bifurcation, the employees of

Public Sector Undertakings, corporations and other autonomous

bodies will continue to function in such undertaking, corporation

or autonomous bodies for one year. During this period, the

concerned corporate body will have to determine the modalities

for distributing the personnel between the two new States.

 

The Public Service Commission for the existing state of Andhra

Pradesh will also become the Public Service Commission for the

new Andhra Pradesh. Furthermore, it will serve as the Public

Service Commission for Telangana until the new Public Service

Commission is constituted there.

 

Division of pensioners

The Reorganization Act has made detailed provisions for the

division of pension liabilities of the existing state between the two

new States. This has been elucidated on in the Act. The focus on

pension comes from the experience of the division of other states

that have indicated unresolved issues pertaining to the division of

pension liabilities.

The provision states that the pension liabilities of the existing state will be divided between the two new States in the Population ratio. The actual liabilities would differ from this ratio. In such acase, the state that has to pay more than its share in population would be reimbursed by the other one.

 

State Undertakings & Institutions

Section  68  catalogues  eighty-nine  (89)  State  Undertakings  have  been specified  in  the  Ninth  Schedule  of  the  Act.  Section 53  of  Andhra  Pradesh Reorganisation  Act  that  deals  with  the  apportionment  of  assets  and  liabilities relating to the State undertakings is as follows:

(1  The  assets  and  liabilities  relating  to  any  commercial  or  industrial undertaking  of  the  existing  State  of  Andhra  Pradesh,  where  such undertaking or part thereof is exclusively located in, or its operations are confined  to,  a  local  area,  shall  pass  to  the  State  in  which  that  area  is included  on  the  appointed  day,  irrespective  of  the  location  of  its headquarters.

(2  Provided  that  where  the  operation  of  such  undertaking  becomes  interState by virtue of the provisions of Part II, the assets and liabilities of––

(a)  the  operational  units  of  the  undertaking  shall  be  apportioned between the two successor States on location basis;and (b)  the  headquarters  of  such  undertaking  shall  be  apportioned between the two successor States on the basis of population ratio.

  • Though  eighty-nine  state  undertakings  were  included in  the  Ninth Schedule,  only  seventy  are  incorporated  societies  or  companies,  rest  being subsidiary  entities.  The  previous  central  government  has  not  paid  adequate attention  to  the  principles  and  the  methodology  for reorganisation  of  state enterprises  and  apportionment  of  assets  and  liabilities  between  the  two  states while formulating the Act. Though subsequently the undivided Andhra Pradesh government  has  constituted  an  expert  committee  for  apportionment  of  assets and  liabilities  of  the  state  undertakings,  including  the  staff,  it  is  far  from completing its task. This has created uncertainty in the management of the state undertakings during the interregnum.
  • The Section 75 of the Act, cited below, has provided for the continuation of  facilities  in  one  hundred  seven  (107)  institutions  specified  in  the  Tenth Schedule to the Act.
  • A careful  analysis  of  the  institutions  listed  in  the  Schedule-X indicate that twenty-two are government departments, ten are Statutory Bodies, seventeen  are  societies  and  two  are  categorised  as  board  /  council.  All  these fifty-five entities are required by both States in  their entirety and not amenable to  sharing  between  the  two  States.  Further,  four  of the  hundred  seven institutions  are  not  functional,  nine  are  universities  and  sixteen  others  are integral part of government departments.
  • Consequently,  the  Act  has  created  a  curious  situation  by  including  the heads  of  departments  (HOD)  and  regulatory  agencies  that  are  integral  to  the governance  of  every  State  in  the  Schedule-X,  while  excluding  several  other entities that have been established under the central and state statutes. Further, the  Act  has  remained  silent  on  the  apportionment  of staff,  assets,  etc.,  of  these institutions between the two States. Above all, since majority of the institutions included in the Tenth Schedule are headquartered inHyderabad, the residuary Andhra  Pradesh  would  take  a  long  time  to  replicate  them.  The  Act  has  not provided any provision to replicate these valuable  institutions in the residuary State.
  • several  institutions  established  under  the  statute,  like  the Information Commission, State Election Commission, Lokayuktha, Human Rights Commission,  etc.,  have  not  found  place  anywhere  in  the  Act.  Therefore,  it  is crystal clear that the Act was designed without adequate attention to the details

 


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Entrepreneurship and commerce are two of the most important drivers of economic Growth. Entrepreneurs are the people who start new businesses, and they are responsible for creating jobs and innovation. Commerce is the process of buying and selling goods and services, and it is essential for the distribution of goods and services to consumers.

There are many different types of businesses, but they all share some common features. Businesses need to have a business plan, which is a document that outlines the company’s goals, strategies, and how it plans to achieve those goals. Businesses also need to have a business model, which is a description of how the company will generate revenue and make a profit.

One of the most important aspects of entrepreneurship is customer acquisition. This is the process of finding and attracting customers to your business. There are many different ways to acquire customers, including advertising, Marketing, and public relations.

Once you have acquired customers, you need to keep them happy. This is where customer relationship management (CRM) comes in. CRM is a system that helps you manage your relationships with customers. It can help you track customer interactions, identify potential problems, and resolve customer issues.

E-Commerce is the process of buying and selling goods and services over the Internet. It has become increasingly popular in recent years, and it is now a major part of the global economy.

Financial planning is essential for any business. It involves creating a budget, tracking expenses, and making sure that the business has enough Money to cover its costs.

Franchising is a business model in which a company grants another company the right to use its brand, products, and services in exchange for a fee. Franchising can be a great way to expand a business quickly, but it is important to choose the right franchise opportunity.

Marketing is the process of promoting your business and its products or services. There are many different types of marketing, including advertising, public relations, and Social Media marketing.

Market research is the process of gathering information about your target market. This information can help you develop products or services that meet the needs of your customers.

Product development is the process of creating new products or services. It involves identifying a need in the market, developing a product or service that meets that need, and testing the product or service with potential customers.

Sales is the process of convincing customers to buy your products or services. There are many different sales techniques, and the best technique to use will vary depending on your product or service.

A small business is a business that is owned and operated by one or a few people. Small businesses are important for the economy because they create jobs and innovation.

A startup is a new business that is trying to grow quickly. Startups are often funded by venture capitalists, who are investors who are willing to take on high risks in exchange for the potential for high returns.

Supply Chain Management is the process of managing the flow of goods and services from suppliers to customers. It involves planning, organizing, and controlling the flow of goods and services.

Venture Capital is money that is invested in startups. Venture capitalists are investors who are willing to take on high risks in exchange for the potential for high returns.

Entrepreneurship and commerce are two of the most important drivers of economic growth. By understanding the basics of these two concepts, you can be better prepared to start your own business or invest in a startup.

What is a business plan?

A business plan is a written description of your business’s future, a document that tells what you plan to do and how you plan to do it. If you jot down a paragraph on the back of an envelope describing your business strategy, you’ve written a plan. But if you want to start a business that will last, you need a more formal plan.

A business plan is a living document that should be updated regularly to reflect changes in your business. It should be used as a roadmap to guide your business decisions and as a tool to communicate your business strategy to potential investors, partners, and employees.

What are the benefits of having a business plan?

There are many benefits to having a business plan. A well-written business plan can help you:

What are the different types of business plans?

There are many different types of business plans, each tailored to a specific purpose. The most common types of business plans include:

How do I write a business plan?

Writing a business plan can be a daunting task, but it doesn’t have to be. The key is to break the process down into manageable steps. Here are a few tips for writing a business plan:

Where can I find more information about business plans?

There are many Resources available to help you write a business plan. Here are a few places to start:

Sure, here are some MCQs without mentioning the topic Enterpreneur And Commercial:

  1. What is the most important factor in a successful business?
    (A) A good product or service
    (B) A strong marketing campaign
    (C) A well-managed team
    (D) A sound financial plan

  2. What is the difference between a business and a non-profit organization?
    (A) A business is for-profit, while a non-profit is not-for-profit.
    (B) A business is owned by its shareholders, while a non-profit is owned by its members.
    (C) A business is operated for the benefit of its owners, while a non-profit is operated for the benefit of its community.
    (D) All of the above.

  3. What are the three main types of business ownership structures?
    (A) Sole proprietorship, PARTNERSHIP, and corporation
    (B) Sole proprietorship, partnership, and limited liability company
    (C) Sole proprietorship, corporation, and limited liability company
    (D) Sole proprietorship, partnership, and franchise

  4. What is the difference between a sole proprietorship and a partnership?
    (A) A sole proprietorship is owned by one person, while a partnership is owned by two or more people.
    (B) A sole proprietorship is not a legal entity, while a partnership is a legal entity.
    (C) A sole proprietorship is not taxed, while a partnership is taxed.
    (D) All of the above.

  5. What is the difference between a corporation and a limited liability company?
    (A) A corporation is a legal entity, while a limited liability company is not a legal entity.
    (B) A corporation is taxed, while a limited liability company is not taxed.
    (C) A corporation has limited liability, while a limited liability company has unlimited liability.
    (D) All of the above.

  6. What are the four main FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT?
    (A) Planning, organizing, directing, and controlling
    (B) Marketing, finance, operations, and human resources
    (C) Research and development, production, marketing, and sales
    (D) Accounting, finance, marketing, and operations

  7. What is the difference between marketing and sales?
    (A) Marketing is the process of creating and delivering value to customers, while sales is the process of selling products or services to customers.
    (B) Marketing is the process of understanding and satisfying customer needs, while sales is the process of generating revenue.
    (C) Marketing is the process of creating a demand for products or services, while sales is the process of fulfilling that demand.
    (D) All of the above.

  8. What are the four Ps of marketing?
    (A) Product, price, place, and promotion
    (B) Product, price, promotion, and distribution
    (C) Product, price, place, and service
    (D) Product, price, promotion, and packaging

  9. What is the difference between a product and a service?
    (A) A product is a tangible good, while a service is an intangible good.
    (B) A product is something that can be bought or sold, while a service is something that cannot be bought or sold.
    (C) A product is something that is used to satisfy a need, while a service is something that is used to satisfy a want.
    (D) All of the above.

  10. What are the four main types of pricing strategies?
    (A) Cost-based pricing, value-based pricing, competitive-based pricing, and psychological pricing
    (B) Penetration pricing, skimming pricing, competitive pricing, and premium pricing
    (C) Fixed pricing, variable pricing, dynamic pricing, and psychological pricing
    (D) Negotiated pricing, cost-plus pricing, value-based pricing, and market-based pricing

I hope these MCQs were helpful!

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