Power distribution
Primary distribution lines contain a distribution transformer present in the locality of the clientele. Primary distribution ranges from 4 to 35-kilo Voltage. Only industries can directly feed the transmission line. Most Average consumers are connected to a transformer that brings down the voltage to a useable level. The distribution Network for the primary distribution comes in three types, although they are mainly of two types—radial or network. A radial network is primarily like a tree, where there is only one line of connection for the customer to the source of supply. A network system, on the other hand, has multiple or parallel connections to the source of supply. A radial connection is primarily used in rural areas, while the network connection is primarily used in load-sensitive areas, such as a dense urban area. However, as bad as radial systems Sound, based on there only being a single connection to the source, modern-day radial networks do contain backup Options.
The parameters that encompass the properties of electricity are not strictly limited to voltage and current. When it comes to electricity, there is a third important property of electricity—frequency. There are primarily two frequencies in which electricity is produced, either 50 or 60 Hz. This electricity is then delivered to domestic customers as single-phase electric power.The domestic power supply in North America would look like a sine wave, oscillating between −170 volts and +170 volts, giving an effective voltage of 120 volts RMS.
However, in some countries of Europe and India, three-phase power is more efficient in terms of power delivered per cable used and is more suited to running large electric motors. Some large European appliances may be powered by three-phase power, such as electric stoves and clothes dryers. A ground connection is normally provided for the customer’s system, as well as for the equipment owned by the utility. The purpose of connecting the customer’s system to the ground is to limit the voltage that may develop if high voltage Conductors fall onto lower-voltage conductors, which are usually mounted lower to the ground, or if a failure occurs within a distribution transformer; this process is also famously known as grounding.
National Grid
The Indian Power system for planning and operational purposes is divided into five regional grids. The integration of regional grids, and thereby establishment of National Grid, was conceptualised in early nineties. The integration of regional grids which began with asynchronous HVDC back-to-back inter-regional links facilitating limited exchange of regulated power was subsequently graduated to high capacity synchronous links between the regions.
The initial inter-regional links were planned for exchange of operational surpluses amongst the regions. However, later on when the planning philosophy had graduated from Regional self-sufficiency to National basis, the Inter-regional links were planned associated with the generation projects that had beneficiaries across the regional boundaries.
By the end of 12th plan the country has total inter-regional transmission capacity of about 75,050 MW which is expected to be enhanced to about 1,18,050 MW at the end of XIII plan.
Synchronisation of all regional grids will help in optimal utilization of scarce natural Resources by transfer of Power from Resource centric regions to Load centric regions. Further, this shall pave way for establishment of vibrant Electricity market facilitating trading of power across regions. One Nation One Grid shall synchronously connect all the regional grids and there will be one national frequency.
Evolution of National Grid
- Grid management on regional basis started in sixties.
- Initially, State grids were inter-connected to form regional grid and India was demarcated into 5 regions namely Northern, Eastern, Western, North Eastern and Southern region.
- In October 1991 North Eastern and Eastern grids were connected.
- In March 2003 WR and ER-NER were interconnected .
- August 2006 North and East grids were interconnected thereby 4 regional grids Northern, Eastern, Western and North Eastern grids are synchronously connected forming central grid operating at one frequency.
- On 31st December 2013, Southern Region was connected to Central Grid in Synchronous mode with the commissioning of 765kV Raichur-Solapur Transmission line thereby achieving ‘ONE NATION’-‘ONE GRID’-‘ONE FREQUENCY’.
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Electricity is a form of energy that is produced by the movement of electrons. It is used to power everything from our homes and businesses to our cars and appliances. Electricity is a vital part of our modern world, but it can also be dangerous if it is not handled properly.
Electricity basics
What is electricity?
Electricity is a form of energy that is produced by the movement of electrons. Electrons are tiny particles that are found in atoms. When electrons move, they create an electric current. This current can be used to power devices and machines.
How does electricity work?
Electricity works by the movement of electrons. Electrons are negatively charged particles that are found in atoms. When electrons move, they create an electric current. This current can be used to power devices and machines.
Types of electricity
There are two main types of electricity: direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC). DC electricity flows in one direction, while AC electricity flows in both directions. DC electricity is used in batteries and some types of electronics, while AC electricity is used in most homes and businesses.
Electric circuits
An electric circuit is a path that electricity follows. It consists of a power source, a conductor, and a load. The power source provides the energy that makes the electrons move. The conductor is the path that the electrons follow. The load is the device that uses the electricity.
Domestic power supply
The domestic power supply is the system that provides electricity to our homes and businesses. It consists of the electrical grid, electrical wiring, electrical outlets and switches, and electrical appliances.
The electrical grid
The electrical grid is a network of power lines that transmit electricity from power Plants to our homes and businesses. The grid is made up of high-voltage transmission lines, which carry electricity long distances, and low-voltage distribution lines, which carry electricity to our homes and businesses.
Electrical wiring
Electrical wiring is the system of wires that carries electricity from the electrical grid to our homes and businesses. The wiring is installed in walls and ceilings, and it is connected to electrical outlets and switches.
Electrical outlets and switches
Electrical outlets and switches are the devices that allow us to connect electrical appliances to the electrical grid. Electrical outlets are used to plug in appliances, while switches are used to turn appliances on and off.
Electrical appliances
Electrical appliances are the devices that use electricity to power their functions. Some common electrical appliances include refrigerators, stoves, ovens, washing machines, dryers, and televisions.
Safety for handling electricity
Electricity can be dangerous if it is not handled properly. There are a number of safety precautions that should be taken when handling electricity.
Electrical shock
Electrical shock is a condition that occurs when a person comes into contact with an electric current. Electrical shock can cause a number of problems, including burns, heart problems, and even death.
Fire
Electricity can also cause fires. This can happen if an electrical appliance is not properly maintained or if there is a short circuit.
Electrical burns
Electrical burns are burns that are caused by electricity. Electrical burns can be very serious, and they can even be fatal.
Electrical hazards
There are a number of electrical hazards that can be found in our homes and businesses. Some common electrical hazards include loose wires, frayed cords, and overloaded circuits.
Electrical safety tips
There are a number of things that can be done to stay safe around electricity. Some important electrical safety tips include:
- Never touch an electrical appliance with wet hands.
- Never overload electrical circuits.
- Be careful when using extension cords.
- Inspect electrical appliances regularly for damage.
- Have any electrical problems repaired by a qualified electrician.
By following these safety tips, you can help to prevent electrical accidents.
Domestic power supply
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What is domestic power supply?
Domestic power supply is the electrical power that is supplied to homes and businesses. It is typically provided by a utility company and is delivered at a voltage of 120 or 240 volts. -
How does domestic power supply work?
Domestic power supply works by converting the alternating current (AC) that is generated by power plants into direct current (DC) that can be used by appliances and other devices. This conversion is done by a transformer, which is a device that increases or decreases the voltage of an electrical current. -
What are the benefits of domestic power supply?
The benefits of domestic power supply include:- Convenience: Domestic power supply makes it possible to use a variety of appliances and devices in the home.
- Efficiency: Domestic power supply is a very efficient way to deliver electricity.
- Safety: Domestic power supply is generally very safe to use.
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What are the risks of domestic power supply?
The risks of domestic power supply include:- Electrical shock: If you come into contact with an electrical current, you could be seriously injured or killed.
- Fire: Electrical appliances can start fires if they are not properly used or maintained.
- Carbon monoxide poisoning: Gas appliances can produce carbon monoxide, which can be deadly if inhaled.
Safety for handling electricity
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What are the basic safety rules for handling electricity?
The basic safety rules for handling electricity include:- Never touch electrical wires or appliances with wet hands.
- Never overload electrical circuits.
- Use proper safety equipment, such as gloves and goggles, when working with electricity.
- Be aware of the potential dangers of electricity and take precautions to avoid them.
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What are the signs of electrical shock?
The signs of electrical shock include:- Muscle contractions
- Loss of consciousness
- Cardiac arrest
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What should you do if you see someone who has been electrocuted?
If you see someone who has been electrocuted, you should:- Call 911 immediately.
- Try to remove the person from the source of the electricity, but only if you can do so safely.
- Check for breathing and a pulse.
- Begin CPR if necessary.
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What are the first aid steps for treating an electrical shock?
The first aid steps for treating an electrical shock include:- Check for breathing and a pulse.
- Begin CPR if necessary.
- Remove any clothing that is wet or touching the skin.
- Rewarm the person if they are cold.
- Transport the person to a hospital.
Sure, here are some MCQs without mentioning the topic Domestic power supply and safety for handling electricity:
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What is the most common type of electrical outlet in the United States?
(A) A three-prong outlet
(B) A two-prong outlet
(C) A four-prong outlet -
What is the voltage of the electrical current in the United States?
(A) 120 volts
(B) 240 volts
(C) 480 volts -
What is the amperage of the electrical current in the United States?
(A) 15 amps
(B) 20 amps
(C) 30 amps -
What is the frequency of the electrical current in the United States?
(A) 60 Hz
(B) 50 Hz
(C) 120 Hz -
What is the name of the device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC)?
(A) A transformer
(B) A rectifier
(C) An inverter -
What is the name of the device that protects electrical circuits from overloads?
(A) A fuse
(B) A circuit breaker
(C) A surge protector -
What is the name of the device that provides a safe path for electrical current to flow in the event of a short circuit?
(A) A ground wire
(B) A neutral wire
(C) A hot wire -
What is the name of the device that provides a safe path for electrical current to flow in the event of a person touching a live wire?
(A) A ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)
(B) A residual current device (RCD)
(C) A transformer -
What is the name of the device that provides a safe path for electrical current to flow in the event of a lightning strike?
(A) A surge protector
(B) A lightning arrestor
(C) A fuse -
What is the name of the device that provides a safe path for electrical current to flow in the event of a power outage?
(A) A Generator
(B) A battery backup
(C) A UPS
I hope these MCQs are helpful!