Developments and applications of science and technology

<–2/”>a >Professor Freeman J. Dyson, of Institute of Advanced Studies, Princeton, in his book “Infinite in all Directions,” had this to say about Technology: “Technology is a gift of God. After the gift of Life, it is perhaps the greatest of God’s gifts. It is the mother of civilization, of Arts and of Sciences. Technology continues to grow to liberate mankind from the constraints of the past. The most revolutionary aspect of technology is its mobility. Anybody can learn it. It jumps easily over barriers of race and language. And its mobility is still increasing.”

Developments in science and technology are fundamentally altering the way people live, connect, communicate and transact, with profound effects on Economic Development.
To promote tech advance, developing countries should invest in quality Education for youth, and continuous skills training for workers and managers.
Science and technology are key drivers to development, because technological and scientific revolutions underpin economic advances, improvements in Health systems, education and Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE.
The technological revolutions of the 21st century are emerging from entirely new sectors, based on micro-processors, tele-communications, bio-technology and nano-technology.
Products are transforming business practices across the economy, as well as the lives of all who have access to their effects. The most remarkable breakthroughs will come from the interaction of insights and applications arising when these technologies converge.
Through breakthroughs in health Services and education, these technologies have the power to better the lives of poor people in developing countries. Eradicating malaria, a scourge of the African continent for centuries, is now possible.
Cures for other diseases which are endemic in developing countries are also now possible, allowing people with debilitating conditions to live healthy and productive lives.
Access and application are critical. Service and technology are the differentiators between countries that are able to tackle POVERTY effectively by growing and developing their economies, and those that are not.
The extent to which developing economies emerge as economic powerhouses depends on their ability to grasp and apply insights from science and technology and use them creatively. Innovation is the primary driver of technological Growth and drives higher living standards.
As an engine of growth, the potential of technology is endless, and still largely untapped in Africa and other developing world regions across the globe. Less developed countries not only lack skilled labour and capital, but also use these less efficiently.
Inputs account for less than half of the differences in per capita income across nations. The rest is due to the inability to adopt and adapt technologies to raise productivity.
Computing for example, through unlocking infrastructure backlogs and managing integrated supply chains, can transform economic performance by enabling affordable and accessible services in education and healthcare.
The combination of computers and the Internet, and mobile devices and the “cloud”, has transformed human experience, empowering individuals through access to knowledge and markets, changing the relationship between citizens and those in authority, as well as allowing new communities to emerge in virtual worlds that span the globe

Role of science and technology for future development

The role of science and technology in a future Society/”>Indian Society may be broadly stated as one of meeting felt needs by technological innovation and scientific advancement and of realizing long-term national goals for the next century. These goals fall under the following headings:

To ensure national security and social stability-

For a country like India, conserving energy and oil-substitutable energy is vital. Food technology is similarly important to maintain social stability.
Science and technology are expected to play a vitally important role in ensuring national security and social stability.

To sustain the growth of the national economy and to improve its efficiency

In the past, Technological Progress made only a minor contribution to the growth of NATIONAL INCOME, and this should be changed.
Furthermore, the technological gap with developed countries should be reduced in certain strategically selected areas.

To prepare for a smooth transition to an information society

Societal change to an information society will demand the development of information-related industries centred around micro-electronics, communications, computers, etc.
Moreover, reducing the labour component of production systems through automation technology will require re-education of displaced labour.

To improve the Quality Of Life

Technology in areas of public health such as disease control, medicine and medical electronics needs to be developed.
Another area is the protection of the Environment for better dwelling conditions on the one hand, and for increased productivity of the land on the other.
Development of information technology directly related to daily living, it should be noted, will increase social benefits, and this in turn will help reduce Urbanization.
The preference for urban living will disappear with the development of an information system on a nationwide scale.

To create a new culture suitable for the new society

A conflict between traditional cultural values and progressive contemporary values has existed in Indian society during the recent process of industrialization.
A national consensus should be created for the development of science and technology.
Another far-reaching goal of science and technology is the creation of a new culture for the next century

Long-term goal of S&T development

The long-term goal of science and technology should be in accordance with that of national development.
Because of the limitation in available Resources, priority areas should be established through consideration of, among other things, national needs and comparative advantage.
The role of S&T is to lead national development and to support socio-economic needs.
The priority areas that have been identified are:
Development of electronics, information, and Communication technologies.
Development of selected high technologies to lead the industrial structure adjustment.
Development of key technologies to increase the international competitiveness of existing Korean industries.
Development of technologies related to resources, energy, and food for social and economic stability.
Development of technology in the area of health care, environmental protection, and social information systems to improve the quality of life and social benefits.
Fostering of creative basic research to promote scientific advancement and to expand sources of technological innovation.
These priority areas were identified using the following basic criteria:
- Economic return and growth potential in view of limited development resources.
- Probability of success in view of development capability and experience.
- Indispensability in relation to national security and socio-economic stability.
- Industrial and technological linkage.
- Future contribution in relation to public welfare and new industrial possibilities.

Science and Technology Role in Industrial Development

India is aggressively working towards establishing itself as a leader in industrialisation and technological development.
Significant developments in the Nuclear Energy sector are likely as India looks to expand its nuclear capacity. Moreover, Nanotechnology is expected to transform the Indian pharmaceutical Industry.
The agriculture sector is also likely to undergo a major revamp, with the government investing heavily for the technology-driven Green Revolution.
Government of India, through the Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Policy-2013, among other things, aspires to position India among the world’s top five scientific powers.
Industrial development encourages the development of science and technology. The industrial enterprises conduct research and develop new products. Ethanol in the form of biofuel is an example of industrial development.
Industry conducts research on its wastes and develops byproducts like biodiesel from Jatropha seeds.
Due to industrialisation, we have made progress in atomic science, satellite communication and missiles etc

Government Initiatives

A five year technology fund with US$ 4 million yearly Investment, called Israel India Innovation Initiative Fund (I4F), has been launched by India and Israel to boost bilateral ties.
Mr Nitin Gadkari, Minister for Road Transport, Highways and Shipping, Government of India, is planning to introduce biofuel vehicles for road and water transportation on a large scale and has already directed NITI Aayog to conduct a research on methanol-powered vessels like cars and ships developed by China.
The Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India has launched a scheme named ‘Visiting Advanced Joint Research Faculty’ (VAJRA), in a bid to bring together the Indian scientists abroad and India-based researchers for conducting joint researches in India.
The Government of India aims to develop India into a global innovation hub by 2020 on the back of effective government measures taken to provide an enabling environment for growing research and development in India, says Mr Y. S. Chowdary, Minister of State for Science and Technology & Earth Sciences, Government of India.

DEVELOPMENTS/INVESTMENTS:

With support from the government, considerable investment and development has incurred in different sectors such as agriculture, healthcare, space research, and nuclear power through scientific research.
For instance, India is gradually becoming self-reliant in nuclear technology.
Recently, the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project Unit-1 (KKNPP 1) with 1,000 MW capacity was commissioned, while the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project Unit-2 (KKNPP-2) with 1,000 MW capacity is under commissioning.

Role of Science and Technology in Urbanisation

Urbanization is a key environmental issue as well.
The rapid pace at which urbanization is taking place in the developing world has an impact on Climate change and other global environmental issues.
Cities account for more than two-thirds of the global energy demand and result in up to 80 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions.
The urban planning and investment choices that a few large developing countries will make therefore represent one of the most important environmental issues of the twenty-first century.
Entire new industries are forming with the aim of switching to clean and renewable energies and managing the world’s resources in a more efficient manner, primarily in developed countries but also in the developing world.

Role of science, technology and innovation in the urban context

Science, technology and innovation are key Elements of sustainable urbanization and will play a growing role as such. Their use may not solve all urbanization problems, yet can provide a multitude of solutions that can be leveraged by cities.
The use of science, technology and innovation in the urban context implies the application of both high and low technology and innovative approaches to urban planning and institutional innovation.
Science, technology and innovation approaches are widely available for cities to draw upon, yet cities are complex structures that require integrated responses to their problems and there are sometimes difficulties related to such integration.
Urban systems need to be designed with multiple uses in mind. Science, technology and innovation offer a range of related Options, including high technology, low technology and innovative governance.
Combining science, technology and innovation to solve urban problems is often contextual, although there are several good practices to draw upon from cities across the globe.
Science, technology and innovation contribute to sustainable urbanization in a variety of ways, including with regard to new capabilities in spatial planning, socioeconomic research, and enhancing cooperation between urban departments, optimizing mobility and enabling sustainable resource management.
A science, technology and innovation-oriented mindset also brings about innovative models of thinking in urban governance, such as for participatory BUDGETING and regional urban planning.
Finally, science, technology and innovation contribute to social inclusion by improving the tools available to urban planners to respond to the needs of excluded groups and to increase sensitivity to Equality/”>Gender Equality.
Each urban setting faces different challenges and has different technology needs. In some cases, inexpensive and readily available technologies may be the best solution to urban problems.
For example, intermodal transport services can be designed without necessarily requiring expensive high technology means of transport.
Promoting bicycles, an affordable, healthy, clean and energy-efficient technology, may be the best option to improve mobility in many cities, for both younger and older citizens.
Furthermore, innovation, which in the urban context may refer to any new method, business model, policy, institutional design or regulation, could meet the needs of urban populations in a more efficient, effective and sustainable way.
For instance, improved rules or legislation, as well as improved institutions, stakeholder participation models and new means of delivering services, can contribute to sustainable urbanization.
As a final point, high technology, low technology and urban innovation can also be integrated to address a specific urban issue in harmony

Sustainable urban resource management by Science and Technology

Science, technology and innovation for urban energy conservation
Science, technology and innovation for Waste Management
Science, technology and innovation for resource-efficient buildings
Science, technology and innovation for water and agriculture– Urban farming and market gardening, Water technologies, Phyto-remediation

Science and technology have been developing at a rapid pace in recent years, and their applications are becoming increasingly widespread. Artificial Intelligence (AI), Biotechnology, computer science, engineering, materials science, mathematics, medicine, physics, Robotics, space exploration, telecommunications, transportation, and other emerging technologies are all having a major impact on our lives.

AI is a branch of computer science that deals with the creation of intelligent agents, which are systems that can reason, learn, and act autonomously. AI has already been used to develop self-driving cars, facial recognition Software, and voice-activated assistants like Siri and Alexa. In the future, AI is likely to play an even greater role in our lives, automating many tasks that are currently done by humans.

Biotechnology is the application of biological science and technology to living organisms. It has been used to develop new drugs and therapies, improve crop yields, and create biofuels. Biotechnology is also being used to develop new ways to diagnose and treat diseases.

Computer science is the study of computation and information. It is used to develop computer hardware and software, as well as to solve problems in other fields such as mathematics, physics, and engineering. Computer science is a rapidly growing field, and new applications are being developed all the time.

Engineering is the application of science and mathematics to solve practical problems. It is used to design and build structures, machines, and other products. Engineering is a broad field, and there are many different specializations, such as civil engineering, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering.

Materials science is the study of the properties of materials and how they can be used to create new products. It is used to develop new materials for use in construction, electronics, and other industries. Materials science is a rapidly growing field, and new materials are being developed all the time.

Mathematics is the study of numbers, shapes, and patterns. It is used to solve problems in many different fields, such as physics, engineering, and economics. Mathematics is a fundamental part of science and technology, and it is used to develop new technologies and to solve problems in other fields.

Medicine is the science of preventing, diagnosing, and treating disease. It is a broad field that includes many different specialties, such as surgery, internal medicine, and pediatrics. Medicine is constantly evolving, and new treatments are being developed all the time.

Physics is the study of matter and energy and their interactions. It is used to develop new technologies, such as computers and lasers. Physics is a fundamental part of science, and it is used to explain the natural world.

Robotics is the field of engineering that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots. Robots are used in many different industries, such as manufacturing, healthcare, and defense. Robotics is a rapidly growing field, and new applications are being developed all the time.

Space exploration is the study of outer space. It is used to develop new technologies, such as satellites and rockets. Space exploration is also used to learn more about the universe and our place in it.

Telecommunications is the transmission of information over long distances. It is used to communicate with people all over the world. Telecommunications is a rapidly growing field, and new technologies are being developed all the time.

Transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. It is used to get around our cities and to transport goods around the world. Transportation is a vital part of our economy, and it is constantly evolving.

Other emerging technologies include nanotechnology, quantum computing, and Stem Cell Research. These technologies are still in their early stages of development, but they have the potential to revolutionize many different fields.

Science and technology are constantly evolving, and new developments are being made all the time. These developments are having a major impact on our lives, and they are likely to continue to do so in the future.

Here are some frequently asked questions and short answers about science and technology:

What is science?
Science is a way of knowing about the world around us. It is based on evidence and observation, and it uses logic and reasoning to explain the natural world.
What is technology?
Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. It includes tools, machines, devices, and systems that are used to solve problems or improve our lives.
What are the benefits of science and technology?
Science and technology have many benefits. They have helped us to understand the world around us, to develop new technologies, and to improve our lives in many ways. For example, science and technology have led to the development of new medicines, new ways of communication, and new ways of transportation.
What are the risks of science and technology?
Science and technology also have some risks. For example, they can be used to create weapons, to pollute the environment, and to harm people. It is important to use science and technology responsibly and to be aware of the risks involved.
What are some examples of scientific discoveries?
Some examples of scientific discoveries include the discovery of the laws of motion, the discovery of electricity, and the discovery of DNA.
What are some examples of technological innovations?
Some examples of technological innovations include the invention of the printing press, the invention of the steam engine, and the invention of the computer.
What are some ethical issues related to science and technology?
Some ethical issues related to science and technology include the use of animals in research, the use of Genetic engineering, and the use of artificial intelligence.
What are some future trends in science and technology?
Some future trends in science and technology include the development of new energy sources, the development of new medical treatments, and the development of new ways of communication.
What are some ways to learn more about science and technology?
There are many ways to learn more about science and technology. You can take classes, read books, watch documentaries, or visit museums. You can also talk to scientists and engineers.

Sure, here are some MCQs without mentioning the topic Developments and applications of science and technology:

Which of the following is not a branch of science?
(A) Physics
(B) Chemistry
(C) Biology
(D) Mathematics
Which of the following is not a branch of technology?
(A) Engineering
(B) Medicine
(C) Business
(D) Law
Which of the following is not a scientific law?
(A) The law of gravity
(B) The law of Thermodynamics
(C) The law of conservation of energy
(D) The law of supply and demand
Which of the following is not a technological invention?
(A) The wheel
(B) The printing press
(C) The steam engine
(D) The computer
Which of the following is not a scientific theory?
(A) The theory of evolution
(B) The theory of relativity
(C) The theory of Plate tectonics
(D) The theory of economics
Which of the following is not a technological innovation?
(A) The internet
(B) The smartphone
(C) The tablet computer
(D) The social Network
Which of the following is not a scientific discovery?
(A) The discovery of penicillin
(B) The discovery of DNA
(C) The discovery of the Higgs boson
(D) The discovery of the Americas
Which of the following is not a technological breakthrough?
(A) The development of nuclear power
(B) The development of artificial intelligence
(C) The development of genetic engineering
(D) The development of space travel
Which of the following is not a scientific principle?
(A) The principle of inertia
(B) The principle of momentum
(C) The principle of conservation of energy
(D) The principle of supply and demand
Which of the following is not a technological principle?
(A) The principle of the lever
(B) The principle of the pulley
(C) The principle of the inclined plane
(D) The principle of the wheel and axle

I hope these MCQs are helpful!