<–2/”>a >Indus valley is an example of great civilisation flourishing in the pre vedic era. The civilisation marks the zenith in terms of art, architecture and culture. Its magnanimous architecture depicts the vibrant social and culture life.
Social life: Cities were divided into two parts. One was citadel (for the nobles) and the other part was common city depicting the hierarchy in the social milieu. There was strong sense of fashion including cosmetics and jewellery and it was common for both men and Women. Various household articles made of Pottery, stone, shells, ivory and Metal have been found at Mohenjodaro. Spindles, needles, combs, fish hooks, knives are made of copper. Children’s toys include little clay carts. Marbles, balls and dice were used for games.
Mother earth was worshipped as Goddess. Nature worshipping was prevalent with people believing in ghosts and spirits. Amulets were used to cast away bad spirits. Pashupati seal resembles the lord shiva of Vedic era. Absence of temples is there.
Economic life: There was a great progress in all spheres of economic activity such as agriculture, Industry and crafts and trade. Indus valley was both agrarian and economy/”>Industrial Economy. Specialized groups of artisans include goldsmiths, brickmakers, stone cutters, weavers, boat-builders and terracotta manufacturers. Bronze and copper vessels are the outstanding examples of the Harappan metal craft.
Internal trade was extensive with other parts of India. Foreign Trade of barter type was mainly conducted with Mesopotamia, Afghanistan and Iran. Presence of seal in Mesopotamia testify the trade links. Trade was of the barter type.
Above characteristics clearly proves that the socio-economic condition was highly vibrant and dynamic of Indus valley and was way ahead of its times and it left a strong mark in world history.
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The Harappan civilization was an ancient civilization that flourished in the Indus Valley from 3300 to 1300 BCE. It was one of the world’s earliest urban civilizations, and its people were skilled in agriculture, trade, and crafts.
The Harappan economy was based on agriculture. The people of the Indus Valley grew a variety of crops, including wheat, barley, rice, and Cotton. They also raised cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. The Harappans were skilled in Irrigation, and they built a complex system of canals to water their crops.
The Harappans were also skilled in trade. They traded with other civilizations in the Indus Valley, as well as with civilizations in Mesopotamia and Central Asia. They traded goods such as pottery, textiles, and metals.
The Harappans were also skilled in crafts. They made a variety of goods, including pottery, jewelry, and tools. They were also skilled in metalworking, and they made a variety of tools and weapons from copper and bronze.
The Harappan Society was divided into Social Classes. The upper class consisted of the rulers and priests. The middle class consisted of merchants and artisans. The lower class consisted of farmers and laborers.
The Harappans were polytheistic, and they worshipped a variety of gods and goddesses. They believed in an afterlife, and they buried their dead with grave goods.
The Harappan family was nuclear, and it consisted of a husband, wife, and children. The family was the basic unit of society, and it was responsible for raising children and providing for the needs of its members.
The Harappan government was a Monarchy. The ruler was the head of state, and he was assisted by a council of ministers. The government was responsible for maintaining law and order, collecting taxes, and providing for the needs of its citizens.
The Harappan culture was rich and diverse. They made a variety of art, including pottery, sculpture, and jewelry. They also built impressive buildings, such as the Great Bath and the Citadel. The Harappans had a system of writing, which they used to record their history and literature.
The Harappan civilization was a major achievement for its time. It was a complex and sophisticated society that made significant contributions to art, architecture, writing, and technology.
The Harappan civilization declined around 1300 BCE. The reasons for its decline are not fully understood, but it may have been due to a combination of factors, such as Climate change, warfare, and internal strife.
Despite its decline, the Harappan civilization left a lasting legacy. Its achievements in agriculture, trade, crafts, and culture have had a profound impact on the development of South Asia.
The Harappan civilization was an ancient civilization that flourished in the Indus Valley from about 2600 to 1900 BCE. It was one of the world’s earliest urban civilizations, and its people were skilled in agriculture, pottery, and metalworking.
The Harappan civilization was divided into two main social classes: the elite and the commoners. The elite lived in large cities, while the commoners lived in smaller villages. The elite were wealthy and powerful, while the commoners were poor and had little social status.
The Harappan economy was based on agriculture. The people of the Harappan civilization grew wheat, barley, rice, and cotton. They also raised cattle, sheep, and goats. The Harappans were also skilled in pottery, metalworking, and jewelry making. They traded their goods with other civilizations in the region.
The Harappan civilization came to an end around 1900 BCE. The reasons for its decline are not fully understood, but it may have been due to a combination of factors, such as Climate Change, war, or disease.
Here are some frequently asked questions about the Harappan civilization:
-
What was the Harappan civilization?
The Harappan civilization was an ancient civilization that flourished in the Indus Valley from about 2600 to 1900 BCE. It was one of the world’s earliest urban civilizations, and its people were skilled in agriculture, pottery, and metalworking. -
Where was the Harappan civilization located?
The Harappan civilization was located in the Indus Valley, which is now part of Pakistan and India. -
What were the main features of the Harappan civilization?
The main features of the Harappan civilization were its urban centers, its system of writing, and its trade Network. -
What was the social structure of the Harappan civilization?
The social structure of the Harappan civilization was divided into two main classes: the elite and the commoners. The elite lived in large cities, while the commoners lived in smaller villages. -
What was the economy of the Harappan civilization based on?
The economy of the Harappan civilization was based on agriculture. The people of the Harappan civilization grew wheat, barley, rice, and cotton. They also raised cattle, sheep, and goats. -
What was the religion of the Harappan civilization?
The religion of the Harappan civilization is not fully understood, but it may have been polytheistic. -
What was the art and architecture of the Harappan civilization like?
The art and architecture of the Harappan civilization was characterized by its geometric designs and its use of terracotta and stone. -
What was the writing system of the Harappan civilization?
The writing system of the Harappan civilization is still not fully understood, but it is believed to have been a logographic system. -
What was the trade network of the Harappan civilization?
The trade network of the Harappan civilization extended to Mesopotamia, Iran, and Central Asia. -
What was the cause of the decline of the Harappan civilization?
The cause of the decline of the Harappan civilization is not fully understood, but it may have been due to a combination of factors, such as climate change, war, or disease.
The Harappan civilization was an ancient civilization that flourished in the Indus Valley from 3300 to 1300 BCE. It was one of the world’s earliest urban civilizations, and its people were skilled in agriculture, trade, and handicrafts.
The Harappan civilization was divided into two main social classes: the elite and the commoners. The elite lived in large cities, while the commoners lived in smaller villages. The elite were wealthy and powerful, while the commoners were poor and had little social status.
The Harappan economy was based on agriculture. The people of the Harappan civilization grew a variety of crops, including wheat, barley, rice, and cotton. They also raised cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. The Harappans were skilled traders, and they traded their goods with other civilizations in Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia.
The Harappan civilization was a complex and sophisticated society. Its people were skilled in many different areas, including agriculture, trade, and handicrafts. They were also skilled in writing, and they developed a system of writing that is still not fully understood.
The Harappan civilization declined around 1300 BCE. The reasons for its decline are not fully understood, but it is thought that climate change, invasion, or internal conflict may have played a role.
Here are some MCQs about the Harappan civilization:
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The Harappan civilization was located in:
(a) The Indus Valley
(b) The Nile Valley
(c) The Yellow River Valley
(d) The Yangtze River Valley -
The Harappan civilization flourished from:
(a) 3300 to 1300 BCE
(b) 2600 to 1900 BCE
(c) 1900 to 1300 BCE
(d) 1300 to 700 BCE -
The Harappan civilization was divided into two main social classes:
(a) The elite and the commoners
(b) The priests and the warriors
(c) The merchants and the farmers
(d) The artisans and the laborers -
The Harappan economy was based on:
(a) Agriculture
(b) Trade
(c) Handicrafts
(d) Writing -
The Harappan civilization was a complex and sophisticated society. Its people were skilled in many different areas, including:
(a) Agriculture
(b) Trade
(c) Handicrafts
(d) All of the above -
The Harappan civilization declined around 1300 BCE. The reasons for its decline are not fully understood, but it is thought that:
(a) Climate change
(b) Invasion
(c) Internal conflict
(d) All of the above