{"id":16215,"date":"2025-05-05T03:03:18","date_gmt":"2025-05-05T03:03:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/?p=16215"},"modified":"2025-05-05T03:03:18","modified_gmt":"2025-05-05T03:03:18","slug":"daily-current-affairs-and-news-analysis-31-03-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/daily-current-affairs-and-news-analysis-31-03-2025\/","title":{"rendered":"Daily Current Affairs and News Analysis 31-03-2025"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"currentaffairs-new-div-78989\" id=\"centrifuge\">\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_69 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/daily-current-affairs-and-news-analysis-31-03-2025\/#Centrifuge\" title=\"Centrifuge\">Centrifuge<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/daily-current-affairs-and-news-analysis-31-03-2025\/#Tonga\" title=\"Tonga\">Tonga<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/daily-current-affairs-and-news-analysis-31-03-2025\/#Mahabodhi_Temple\" title=\"Mahabodhi Temple\">Mahabodhi Temple<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/daily-current-affairs-and-news-analysis-31-03-2025\/#Parbati-II_Hydro_Project\" title=\"Parbati-II Hydro Project\">Parbati-II Hydro Project<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/daily-current-affairs-and-news-analysis-31-03-2025\/#Red_Cross_Federation\" title=\"Red Cross Federation\">Red Cross Federation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/daily-current-affairs-and-news-analysis-31-03-2025\/#Sarhul_Celebration\" title=\"Sarhul Celebration\">Sarhul Celebration<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/daily-current-affairs-and-news-analysis-31-03-2025\/#Karimpuzha_Wildlife\" title=\"Karimpuzha Wildlife\">Karimpuzha Wildlife<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/daily-current-affairs-and-news-analysis-31-03-2025\/#Deep_Sea_Mining\" title=\"Deep Sea Mining\">Deep Sea Mining<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/daily-current-affairs-and-news-analysis-31-03-2025\/#INIOCHOS_25\" title=\"INIOCHOS 25\">INIOCHOS 25<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/daily-current-affairs-and-news-analysis-31-03-2025\/#Green_Credits\" title=\"Green Credits\">Green Credits<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Centrifuge\"><\/span>Centrifuge<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Centrifuges separate substances based on density using centrifugal force.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>They are crucial for uranium enrichment, a process vital for nuclear power and weapons.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Natural uranium needs enrichment because it&#8217;s mostly U-238 (99.3%), while U-235 (0.7%) is fissile.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Nuclear reactors require 3-20% U-235, while weapons need ~90%.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Iran&#8217;s deployment of thousands of advanced centrifuges for uranium enrichment is causing international concern.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>The process involves converting uranium into gas (UF\u2086), spinning it in a centrifuge, and separating heavier U-238 from lighter U-235.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Multiple centrifuge stages are needed to reach desired U-235 purity.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Centrifuges have rotors (spinning component) and chambers (holding the gas) typically made of strong, lightweight materials like carbon fiber.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Besides nuclear technology, centrifuges are used in various fields including medical applications and scientific research.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Iran&#8217;s actions are newsworthy due to the potential for increased nuclear capabilities.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"currentaffairs-new-div-78989\" id=\"tonga\">\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tonga\"><\/span>Tonga<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Earthquake and Tsunami Warning:<\/strong> A strong 7.1 magnitude earthquake struck near Tonga, triggering a tsunami warning. This is the immediate and most pressing news.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Geographic Location:<\/strong> Tonga is an archipelago in the South Pacific, composed of 169 islands, with only 36 inhabited. Understanding its location is crucial for context.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Volcanic Activity:<\/strong> Located within the Pacific Ring of Fire, Tonga experiences frequent volcanic activity, making it vulnerable to events like earthquakes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Island Types:<\/strong> Tonga&#8217;s islands vary, with western islands being volcanic and higher elevation and eastern islands being low-lying coral islands.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Key Islands:<\/strong> The largest islands are Tongatapu, Ha&#8217;apai, and Vava&#8217;u.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Capital:<\/strong> Nuku\u2018alofa is located on the island of Tongatapu, being the most populated.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Political Status:<\/strong> Tonga is an independent constitutional monarchy, a member of the Commonwealth and the United Nations.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Economic Dependence:<\/strong> Tonga relies heavily on agriculture, fishing, and remittances from Tongans living abroad due to a lack of strategic or mineral resources.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Past Protectorate:<\/strong> Tonga was formerly a British protectorate but was never formally colonised, gaining full independence in 1970.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Q2. Nuku\u2018alofa<\/p>\n<p>Q3. Britain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"currentaffairs-new-div-78989\" id=\"mahabodhi-temple\">\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mahabodhi_Temple\"><\/span>Mahabodhi Temple<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Protests and Demands:<\/strong> Buddhist monks, led by the All India Buddhist Forum (AIBF), are protesting since February 2024, demanding the repeal of the Bodh Gaya Temple Act (BTA), 1949.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Historical Context:<\/strong> Bodh Gaya is the site where Buddha attained enlightenment, making it a primary Buddhist pilgrimage site.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Temple Management:<\/strong> The BTA of 1949 established an eight-member management committee with equal representation from Hindus and Buddhists. The District Magistrate (DM) was made the ex-officio chairperson.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Controversy:<\/strong> The DM, historically from the Hindu community, led to a perceived Hindu majority in administration, causing resentment among Buddhist groups.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Buddhist Demand:<\/strong> Buddhist organizations seek full control over the temple, referring to it as Bodh Gaya Mahavihara.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Historical Control:<\/strong> Historically, the temple was a Buddhist site, but control shifted to Hindus after the decline of Buddhism in India.<\/li>\n<li><strong>1949 Act:<\/strong> The BTA was passed to resolve disputes, formalizing management control with the committee.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Amendment:<\/strong> In 2013, an amendment allowed the DM chairperson to be from any faith.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Past Attempts:<\/strong> A bill in the early 1990s aimed to transfer management to the Buddhist community but failed to pass.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Importance of Bodh Gaya:<\/strong> The temple is one of Buddhism&#8217;s four most sacred sites.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Protests:<\/strong> Similar protests occurred in November 2023, and a petition was filed in 2012 to repeal the Act.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Historical Background:<\/strong> Emperor Ashoka built the original temple. Bakhtiyar Khilji&#8217;s invasion led to Buddhism&#8217;s decline.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"currentaffairs-new-div-78989\" id=\"parbati-ii-hydro-project\">\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Parbati-II_Hydro_Project\"><\/span>Parbati-II Hydro Project<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Successful Trial Run:<\/strong> NHPC completed the trial run for Unit 2 (200 MW) of the Parbati-II Hydroelectric Project. This signifies progress in commissioning the project.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Project Location:<\/strong> The project is located in Sainj, Kullu, Himachal Pradesh.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>River Harnessing:<\/strong> The project utilizes the hydro potential of the Parbati River, a major tributary of the Beas River.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Project Details:<\/strong> A concrete gravity dam will divert water through a long head race tunnel to a powerhouse for power generation.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Total Capacity:<\/strong> The project has a total installed capacity of 800 MW, comprised of four 200 MW units.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Expected Power Generation:<\/strong> Once fully operational, the project is projected to generate approximately 3,074 million units of electricity annually. This contributes to renewable energy production.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Ownership:<\/strong> The project is developed and owned by National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Private Limited (NHPC), holding a 100% stake.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Delayed Commissioning:<\/strong> Originally slated for completion in 2010, the project faced significant delays attributed to challenges during construction.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"currentaffairs-new-div-78989\" id=\"red-cross-federation\">\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Red_Cross_Federation\"><\/span>Red Cross Federation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>IFRC&#8217;s Urgent Appeal:<\/strong> Launched an appeal for over $100 million to aid victims of the Myanmar earthquake. ( <em>Why:<\/em> Demonstrates the organization&#8217;s immediate response to crises and commitment to providing aid.)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>World&#8217;s Largest Humanitarian Network:<\/strong> The IFRC is the biggest humanitarian network globally. (<em>Why:<\/em> Underscores the organization&#8217;s significant reach and impact in providing assistance.)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Mission &amp; Focus:<\/strong> Improves the lives of the vulnerable, coordinating aid for those affected by disasters (natural, man-made), including the displaced, and during health crises. (<em>Why:<\/em> Highlights the core purpose and scope of IFRC&#8217;s work in various humanitarian situations.)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Disaster Preparedness:<\/strong> Assists vulnerable communities in building resilience through disaster preparedness activities. (<em>Why:<\/em> Emphasizes the IFRC&#8217;s preventative approach to mitigate the impact of disasters.)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Member Society Support:<\/strong> Strengthens the capabilities of its 192 member Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies for effective emergency relief, disaster preparedness, and health programs. (<em>Why:<\/em> Indicates the IFRC&#8217;s commitment to empower its network and ensure efficient aid delivery.)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>International Representation:<\/strong> Represents its member societies on an international level. (<em>Why:<\/em> Illustrates the IFRC&#8217;s role in advocating for humanitarian causes and coordinating global efforts.)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Additional Programs:<\/strong> Addresses the humanitarian consequences of urbanization, climate change, violence, and migration. (<em>Why:<\/em> Demonstrates the IFRC&#8217;s ability to adapt with humanitarian crises.)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Funding Sources:<\/strong> Relies on voluntary contributions from various sources (governments, NGOs, corporate donors, and the public). (<em>Why:<\/em> Explains the funding model and the importance of support for IFRC&#8217;s operations.)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Relationship with ICRC:<\/strong> Works alongside the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), which focuses on humanitarian law and aid in conflict zones. (<em>Why:<\/em> Clarifies the distinction between the two organizations, showing their roles in humanitarian action.)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"currentaffairs-new-div-78989\" id=\"sarhul-celebration\">\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sarhul_Celebration\"><\/span>Sarhul Celebration<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Significance:<\/strong> Sarhul, meaning &#8220;worship of the Sal tree,&#8221; marks the arrival of spring and the new year for Adivasi communities. It celebrates the union of the Sun and Earth, essential for life and a celebration of the cycle of life.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rituals:<\/strong> The three-day festival includes preparation, main rituals at sacred groves (Sarna Sthals) involving sacrifices, prayers, and cultural performances, and a community feast.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Communities:<\/strong> Celebrated by tribes like Oraon, Munda, Santal, Khadia, and Ho.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Evolution:<\/strong> Originally a hunting-based ritual, it evolved into an agricultural festival.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Geographical Spread:<\/strong> Celebrated across Jharkhand, Chhotanagpur region, and in Assam, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Bhutan, due to historical migration.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Modern Processions &amp; Identity:<\/strong>  Sarhul processions have become larger, particularly in Ranchi, and it is an opportunity for Adivasi communities to reaffirm their distinct identity, with some demanding recognition of Sarna religion.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Political Aspects:<\/strong> The festival also sees contrasting views, with some groups seeking separation from Hinduism while others affiliated with Hindu organizations seeing Adivasis as part of Hinduism.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sacred Groves:<\/strong> The main rituals take place at Sarna Sthals, which are communally protected &#8220;sacred groves&#8221; that serve as biodiversity hotspots.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Key Individuals:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Baba Karthik Oraon:<\/strong> An Adivasi leader who initiated Sarhul processions in Ranchi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Anthropologist Sarat Chandra Roy (1928):<\/strong> Noted the evolution of Sarhul from hunting to agricultural rituals in Oraon Religion and Customs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bandhan Tigga<\/strong> Village priest<\/li>\n<li><strong>Geeta Shree Oraon:<\/strong> national women\u2019s president of the Akhil Bharatiya Adivasi Vikas Parishad<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Practices:<\/strong> Rituals often include ceremonial fishing, rice beer (Handia), and traditional cuisine.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"currentaffairs-new-div-78989\" id=\"karimpuzha-wildlife\">\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Karimpuzha_Wildlife\"><\/span>Karimpuzha Wildlife<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala&#8217;s newest protected area (declared 2020), is a biodiversity hotspot.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Recent faunal survey revealed 63 new species: 41 odonates, 6 butterflies, and 16 birds.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>The survey, a first since its inception, was conducted by the Forest Department with the Society for Tropical Ecology and Research (STEAR) and Travancore Nature History Society (TNHS).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Notable new bird species include Eurasian Sparrow Hawk, White-Rumped Vulture, and Blue-eared Kingfisher.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Butterfly species discovered include Suffused Double Banded Judy and Painted Courtesan.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>New odonate species like <em>Gomphidia kodaguensis<\/em> and <em>Rhyothemis triangularis<\/em> were found.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Other fauna recorded:  141 moth species, 4 cicada species, 38 ant species, 5 bee species, 4 fish species, elephants, Nilgiri Tahrs, tigers, leopards, gaurs, sambars and striped-necked mongooses.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Located in Malappuram district, Kerala, on the western slopes of the Nilgiri Hills, it&#8217;s part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (UNESCO).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Borders Mukurthi National Park (Tamil Nadu) and Silent Valley National Park (Kerala).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Its diverse topography (40m to 2550m altitude), including steep hills, valleys, grasslands, and forests, contributes to high biodiversity.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Seven forest types are present, including evergreen and semi-evergreen rainforests.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>The Cholanaikans, a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG), live within the sanctuary.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>A follow-up post-monsoon survey is planned.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"currentaffairs-new-div-78989\" id=\"deep-sea-mining\">\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Deep_Sea_Mining\"><\/span>Deep Sea Mining<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Deep Sea Mining Explained:<\/strong> Extraction of minerals and metals (nodules, sulphides, cobalt crusts) from the ocean floor. These resources are crucial for batteries, renewable energy, and electronics.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Environmental Concerns:<\/strong> A recent study reveals that a mining area from 40 years ago in the Pacific Ocean seabed is still not recovered, with long-term sediment changes and decline in larger organisms. Deep sea mining can lead to habitat destruction, biodiversity loss, and ecosystem disruption.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Moratorium Calls:<\/strong> Growing global calls, supported by 36 countries at a recent UN ISA meeting, are demanding a pause on deep sea mining activities.<\/li>\n<li><strong>International Regulation:<\/strong> The International Seabed Authority (ISA), established under UNCLOS, regulates and manages deep-sea mining in international waters.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Evolving Technology:<\/strong> Mining techniques are developing, including AI-powered robots and advanced machinery for extraction.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Strategic Importance:<\/strong> Governments and corporations see deep sea mining as essential due to depleting onshore reserves and rising mineral demand.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Study Findings Highlight Impact:<\/strong> A study of a 1979 mining experiment shows long-term changes in seabed sediment and a decline in animal populations, underscoring the potential for lasting damage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"currentaffairs-new-div-78989\" id=\"iniochos-25\">\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"INIOCHOS_25\"><\/span>INIOCHOS 25<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>INIOCHOS-25: A Multinational Air Exercise:<\/strong> The Indian Air Force (IAF) is participating in the biennial multinational air exercise INIOCHOS-25, hosted by the Hellenic Air Force in Greece.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Objective:<\/strong> The primary goal is to enhance aerial combat skills, exchange tactical knowledge, strengthen military ties, and refine tactics in complex air warfare scenarios.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Participants:<\/strong> The exercise involves air forces from fifteen countries, including the US, Israel, France, and others.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>IAF&#8217;s Participation:<\/strong> The IAF is deploying Su-30 MKI fighters, IL-78 (combat enabler), and C-17 (combat enabler) aircraft. This participation aims to boost international cooperation, synergy, and interoperability.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Exercise Phases:<\/strong> The exercise is divided into three phases, including the deployment of participating forces, the main execution phase (March 31 to April 11, 2025), and the redeployment of forces.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Training Focus:<\/strong> The exercise will provide opportunities for training in combined air operations, and gaining insights into operational best practices.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Significance:<\/strong> Participation enhances India&#8217;s strategic partnerships, boosts its capabilities in joint operations, and reinforces its commitment to global defense cooperation.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/307\/2025\/05\/img_1746414191.jpg\" alt=\"INIOCHOS 25\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"currentaffairs-new-div-78989\" id=\"green-credits\">\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Green_Credits\"><\/span>Green Credits<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Green Credit Program (GCP) Overview:<\/strong> The GCP is an initiative by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&amp;CC) to incentivize environmentally positive actions.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mechanism:<\/strong> Individuals, communities, and industries earn tradable &#8220;Green Credits&#8221; for engaging in eco-friendly activities like afforestation, water conservation, and sustainable agriculture. These credits can be traded on a domestic platform, like a dedicated exchange, to meet legal obligations.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Trading and Compliance:<\/strong> Industries can purchase these credits to meet their environmental obligations, such as compensatory afforestation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Legal Concerns:<\/strong> The Law Ministry raised concerns about the legal validity of the Green Credit Rules under the Environment (Protection) Act (EPA), 1986, particularly regarding the market-based mechanism, but the Environment Ministry proceeded without a formal legal review from the Department of Legal Affairs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Law Ministry Objection:<\/strong> The Law Ministry advised examining the legality, as they had doubts on the EPA supporting a business model for Green Credits.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Environment Ministry&#8217;s Justification:<\/strong> The Environment Ministry argued the GCP aligns with the EPA&#8217;s mandate to plan and implement national programs for environmental protection and improvement.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Current Status:<\/strong> Hundreds of entities, including public sector undertakings (PSUs) like Indian Oil, Power Grid, and NTPC, have registered under the scheme.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Difference between Green Credits and Carbon Credits:<\/strong> Green Credits cover a broader range of environmental actions, unlike Carbon Credits, which only address greenhouse gas emissions.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Voluntary vs Mandatory:<\/strong> Senior advocate Sanjay Upadhyay said that the Green Credit Program is a voluntary program, so the comparison with EPR is an unfair one.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Legal Opinion:<\/strong> Prakriti Srivastava, a retired Indian Forest Service officer, stated that the EPA does not permit a business model for Green Credits for compensatory afforestation, which needs to have due process.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/307\/2025\/05\/img_1746414197.jpg\" alt=\"Green Credits\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<hr>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Centrifuge Centrifuges separate substances based on density using centrifugal force. They are crucial for uranium enrichment, a process vital for nuclear power and weapons. Natural uranium needs enrichment because it&#8217;s mostly U-238 (99.3%), while U-235 (0.7%) is fissile. Nuclear reactors require 3-20% U-235, while weapons need ~90%. Iran&#8217;s deployment of thousands of advanced centrifuges for &#8230; <a title=\"Daily Current Affairs and News Analysis 31-03-2025\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/daily-current-affairs-and-news-analysis-31-03-2025\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Daily Current Affairs and News Analysis 31-03-2025\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16213,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1296],"tags":[1327],"class_list":["post-16215","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mar-2025","tag-31-03-25"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.2 (Yoast SEO v23.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Daily Current Affairs and News Analysis 31-03-2025 - Current Affairs Exam<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/daily-current-affairs-and-news-analysis-31-03-2025\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Daily Current Affairs and News Analysis 31-03-2025\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Centrifuge Centrifuges separate substances based on density using centrifugal force. 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