{"id":15187,"date":"2025-04-03T18:55:00","date_gmt":"2025-04-03T18:55:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/?p=15187"},"modified":"2025-04-03T19:02:02","modified_gmt":"2025-04-03T19:02:02","slug":"indias-three-stage-nuclear-programme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/indias-three-stage-nuclear-programme\/","title":{"rendered":"INDIA\u2019S THREE-STAGE NUCLEAR PROGRAMME"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li><strong>Rajya Sabha Debate:<\/strong> Congress MP Jairam Ramesh questioned the progress of India&#8217;s three-stage nuclear program, specifically Phase 2 (Fast Breeder Reactors) and Phase 3 (Thorium Reactors).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Historical Context:<\/strong> India&#8217;s nuclear program began soon after independence, with Asia&#8217;s first research reactor, Apsara, in 1956, followed by a nuclear power plant in Tarapur in 1969.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Visionaries:<\/strong> Dr. Homi J. Bhabha and Dr. Vikram Sarabhai envisioned the three-stage program to ensure India&#8217;s energy security.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stage I (PHWRs):<\/strong> Uses natural uranium as fuel and heavy water as moderator\/coolant. Produces plutonium-239 as a byproduct, essential for Stage II.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stage II (FBRs):<\/strong> Uses plutonium from Stage I and natural uranium. &#8220;Breeds&#8221; more fissile material than it consumes, converting uranium-238 into more plutonium. The Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) at Kalpakkam is a key component, though facing delays.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stage III (Thorium Reactors):<\/strong> Aims to utilize India&#8217;s large thorium reserves. Thorium-232 is converted into uranium-233 through neutron irradiation. Envisions Advanced Heavy Water Reactors (AHWRs) and molten salt reactors.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Long-Term Goal:<\/strong> To achieve sustained nuclear power generation primarily using thorium, reducing reliance on imported uranium and paving the way for a self-reliant nuclear energy program.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Rajya Sabha Debate: Congress MP Jairam Ramesh questioned the progress of India&#8217;s three-stage nuclear program, specifically Phase 2 (Fast Breeder Reactors) and Phase 3 (Thorium Reactors). Historical Context: India&#8217;s nuclear program began soon after independence, with Asia&#8217;s first research reactor, Apsara, in 1956, followed by a nuclear power plant in Tarapur in 1969. Visionaries: Dr. &#8230; <a title=\"INDIA\u2019S THREE-STAGE NUCLEAR PROGRAMME\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/indias-three-stage-nuclear-programme\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about INDIA\u2019S THREE-STAGE NUCLEAR PROGRAMME\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":15228,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[595],"tags":[1265],"class_list":["post-15187","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-current-affairs","tag-03-04-25"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.2 (Yoast SEO v23.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>INDIA\u2019S THREE-STAGE NUCLEAR PROGRAMME - Current Affairs Exam<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/indias-three-stage-nuclear-programme\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"INDIA\u2019S THREE-STAGE NUCLEAR PROGRAMME\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Rajya Sabha Debate: Congress MP Jairam Ramesh questioned the progress of India&#8217;s three-stage nuclear program, specifically Phase 2 (Fast Breeder Reactors) and Phase 3 (Thorium Reactors). Historical Context: India&#8217;s nuclear program began soon after independence, with Asia&#8217;s first research reactor, Apsara, in 1956, followed by a nuclear power plant in Tarapur in 1969. Visionaries: Dr. ... Read more\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/indias-three-stage-nuclear-programme\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Current Affairs Exam\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-04-03T18:55:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-04-03T19:02:02+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/307\/2025\/04\/15187_1743706906.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"940\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"627\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"rawan239\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"rawan239\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"INDIA\u2019S THREE-STAGE NUCLEAR PROGRAMME - Current Affairs Exam","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/indias-three-stage-nuclear-programme\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"INDIA\u2019S THREE-STAGE NUCLEAR PROGRAMME","og_description":"Rajya Sabha Debate: Congress MP Jairam Ramesh questioned the progress of India&#8217;s three-stage nuclear program, specifically Phase 2 (Fast Breeder Reactors) and Phase 3 (Thorium Reactors). Historical Context: India&#8217;s nuclear program began soon after independence, with Asia&#8217;s first research reactor, Apsara, in 1956, followed by a nuclear power plant in Tarapur in 1969. Visionaries: Dr. ... Read more","og_url":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/indias-three-stage-nuclear-programme\/","og_site_name":"Current Affairs Exam","article_published_time":"2025-04-03T18:55:00+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-04-03T19:02:02+00:00","og_image":[{"width":940,"height":627,"url":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/307\/2025\/04\/15187_1743706906.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"rawan239","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"rawan239","Est. reading time":"1 minute"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/indias-three-stage-nuclear-programme\/","url":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/indias-three-stage-nuclear-programme\/","name":"INDIA\u2019S THREE-STAGE NUCLEAR PROGRAMME - Current Affairs Exam","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/indias-three-stage-nuclear-programme\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/indias-three-stage-nuclear-programme\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/307\/2025\/04\/15187_1743706906.jpg","datePublished":"2025-04-03T18:55:00+00:00","dateModified":"2025-04-03T19:02:02+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/#\/schema\/person\/5807dafeb27d2ec82344d6cbd6c3d209"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/indias-three-stage-nuclear-programme\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/indias-three-stage-nuclear-programme\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/indias-three-stage-nuclear-programme\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/307\/2025\/04\/15187_1743706906.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/307\/2025\/04\/15187_1743706906.jpg","width":940,"height":627},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/indias-three-stage-nuclear-programme\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"INDIA\u2019S THREE-STAGE NUCLEAR PROGRAMME"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/#website","url":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/","name":"Current Affairs Exam","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/#\/schema\/person\/5807dafeb27d2ec82344d6cbd6c3d209","name":"rawan239","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/761a7274f9cce048fa5b921221e7934820d74514df93ef195a9d22af0c1c9001?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/761a7274f9cce048fa5b921221e7934820d74514df93ef195a9d22af0c1c9001?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"rawan239"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com"],"url":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/author\/rawan239\/"}]}},"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15187","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15187"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15187\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15228"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15187"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15187"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/exam.pscnotes.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15187"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}