Current Affairs Exam

Indian Defence Women

• First-ever batch of 17 female cadets graduated from the National Defence Academy (NDA) on May 30, 2025, a historic step marking the entry of women into cadet training alongside men, seen as a transformative milestone towards gender-inclusive military leadership and potentially opening paths for future women service chiefs.
• Non-medical roles for women in the armed forces began in 1992 via the Women Special Entry Scheme (WSES), inducting women as Short Service Commission (SSC) officers in select branches. This initiated the formal inclusion of women beyond traditional medical roles.
• The Supreme Court mandated Permanent Commission (PC) for women in all arms where SSC is permitted in 2020 (Babita Puniya v. Union of India), ruling that denying PC violated Article 14 and constituted unconstitutional sex-based discrimination. This allows women officers to hold command positions.
• The Indian Air Force began experimental induction of women in combat roles (fighter pilots) in 2015, institutionalized in 2022. The Navy opened all branches, including submarines and aviation, to women officers from 2022. This signifies significant progress towards full inclusion of women in combat and operational roles.
• The Agnipath scheme (2022) includes women recruits in all three Services (Army, Navy, Air Force) at the soldier level, a paradigm shift in recruitment norms beyond the officer cadre.
• Key challenges faced by women include cultural/societal bias, limited combat roles in certain Army branches (like Infantry), work-life balance issues, psychological pressures, and infrastructure gaps. These issues affect career progression, representation, and retention.
• Addressing these challenges requires equitable, role-specific training, gender sensitization programs, monitoring inclusion progress, promoting role models, adopting international best practices, and improving gender-sensitive infrastructure. This aims to balance operational effectiveness with gender equality for a more inclusive force.

Khichan Menar New Ramsar

• Khichan (Phalodi) and Menar (Udaipur) wetlands in Rajasthan have been declared new Ramsar Sites. This is key because it adds to India’s list of globally important wetlands.
• India now has a total of 91 Ramsar Sites, which is the highest number in Asia. This highlights India’s significant commitment to wetland conservation on a global scale.
• Khichan is notable for hosting thousands of migratory Demoiselle cranes. This makes it a crucial site for bird migration and biodiversity conservation.
• Menar, also known as ‘Bird Village’, is recognized for its successful community-led bird conservation efforts. This demonstrates the importance of local participation in environmental protection.
• Rajasthan now has 4 Ramsar Sites, including the previously listed Sambhar Lake and Keoladeo Ghana National Park. This increases the state’s contribution to national wetland conservation efforts.
• Wetlands are ecologically significant areas, defined as transition zones between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, crucial for biodiversity and hydrological cycles. Their protection is vital for ecological balance.
• The Ramsar Convention provides a global framework for wetland conservation. India’s participation since 1982 underscores its commitment to international environmental agreements.
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi hailed the additions as “Great news!” reflecting the government’s focus on environmental conservation and linking it to public participation, highlighting the political significance and broad support for these actions.

Exposomics: Env Health

• Exposomics comprehensively studies the totality of environmental exposures throughout a lifetime. Why: It offers a holistic view, moving beyond single factors to understand complex interactions affecting health.
• It considers both External factors like pollutants, diet, and lifestyle, and Internal factors such as inflammation and the gut microbiome. Why: These factors interact and cumulatively impact disease risk.
• The approach captures multiple exposures across an individual’s entire life course. Why: This emphasizes cumulative and synergistic effects often missed in studies focusing on limited exposures at a specific time.
• It is Discovery-Driven, employing high-throughput tools like mass spectrometry. Why: This helps identify previously unknown environmental risk factors and biomarkers.
• Exposomics links environmental exposures to molecular-level biological changes (e.g., gene expression, metabolomics). Why: This supports personalized medicine and early disease detection by showing how exposures translate into biological responses.
• It has significant Public Health Relevance. Why: It improves the understanding of environmental origins of chronic diseases, facilitating better risk assessments, interventions, and prevention strategies.
• The field informs policy and societal impact. Why: It provides evidence for developing targeted environmental health regulations and public health programs.
• Exposomics marks a transformative shift from traditional environmental health studies. Why: It offers a holistic, dynamic, and personalized framework for understanding and preventing environmentally influenced diseases.

IMEC

• The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) is a strategic project designed to link India with Europe via the Middle East, enhancing trade, digital, and energy connectivity and is viewed as a counterweight to China’s BRI.
• A senior Indian official warned that rising tensions and instability in West Asia, involving countries like Israel, Palestine, and Iran, could delay IMEC’s implementation.
• Ongoing regional unrest creates uncertainty, impacting confidence needed for significant infrastructure investments crucial for IMEC’s progress.
• Delayed rollout could disrupt India’s trade routes and supply chain connectivity with the Middle East and Europe.
• A delay is also seen as a strategic setback for India’s aim of expanding its regional influence and diversifying global supply chains.
• Investor confidence in the project may weaken amid the persistent instability in the region.
• India continues to support IMEC and engages diplomatically with partners, stressing that regional peace and stability are essential conditions for the corridor’s development.
• India is monitoring the situation and actively pursuing diplomatic measures to de-escalate tensions.

DPDP Act & Rules

• Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology sought public feedback on Draft Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Rules, 2025 for implementing the DPDP Act, 2023.
• Stakeholder feedback is under review, and final rules are expected to be enforced soon, making the framework’s effectiveness topical.
• The DPDP Act, 2023 is India’s first comprehensive data protection law, establishing a legal framework for handling digital personal data to safeguard individual privacy while allowing lawful data processing, enacted after the Supreme Court recognized privacy as a fundamental right.
• The Act applies to digital personal data processed in India or for offering goods/services in India.
• Personal data processing requires the Data Principal’s consent for a lawful purpose, with special provisions for children (<18) requiring verifiable parental consent and prohibiting harmful processing/advertising.
• Data Principals have rights including access, correction, deletion, and grievance redressal, alongside a duty to avoid false complaints.
• Data Fiduciaries must ensure data accuracy, implement security measures, notify breaches, and erase data once its purpose is fulfilled. Significant Data Fiduciaries have additional duties like appointing a Data Protection Officer.
• Exemptions exist for specified agencies (security, public order), research, startups, and legal/judicial functions.
• The Act establishes the Data Protection Board of India (DPBI) to monitor compliance, impose penalties, and handle grievances.
• Key provisions in the Draft DPDP Rules, 2025 detail implementation, allowing government-approved data transfer outside India, setting data retention limits, prescribing a digital-first approach for DPBI and grievance redressal, defining graded responsibilities for fiduciaries (including startups/MSMEs), and outlining requirements for Consent Managers (Indian company, min Rs 2 cr net worth).
• Concerns include excessive state exemptions, absence of certain data rights like portability, potentially unrestricted cross-border data flow depending on government discretion, and lack of explicit harm prevention measures.
• The Act forms India’s first comprehensive framework; the Rules aim to enhance compliance and digital redressal, aligning with global standards while addressing local needs, with the institutional independence of the DPBI being vital.

India EV Policy Update

• India introduced a new EV policy offering 15% import duty on fully built EVs. Why: Aims to attract global manufacturers and encourage local production setup.
• Condition: Manufacturers must invest a minimum of ₹4,150 crore in India over 3 years. Why: Ensures significant foreign investment into the domestic EV manufacturing ecosystem.
• Policy requires increasing domestic value addition (DVA): 25% within 3 years and 50% by the 5th year. Why: To build local supply chains and reduce reliance on imported components, fostering indigenous manufacturing.
• Allows importing up to 8,000 fully built units per year per manufacturer for 5 years at the concessional duty. Why: Provides companies limited market access to build demand while they establish local manufacturing capabilities.
• A key gap identified is the lack of a clear mandate for technology transfer. Why: Without mandatory technology sharing, India risks long-term dependence on foreign technology, particularly for advanced components like batteries and powertrains, potentially limiting its growth as a technology hub.
• The policy is part of India’s broader efforts (like FAME and PLI schemes) to promote EVs, but specifically targets attracting major global passenger car manufacturers to set up significant local operations. Why: Aims for a targeted approach to scale up high-value manufacturing in the passenger EV segment.

Lady’s-Slipper

• Lady’s-Slipper Orchid, once thought extinct in the UK, has been spotted growing naturally in the wild in England again after being rediscovered in 1930.
• Known for its distinctive slipper-shaped labellum which helps trap insects for pollination.
• Belongs to the Cypripedioideae subfamily of orchids.
• Found globally in Europe, Asia, and North America, including in India’s Himalayan and Northeast hills.
• Typically grows in moist, shady boreal/temperate forests and alpine zones, requiring specific soil and fungal conditions.
• Threatened by overcollection, medicinal use, habitat loss, and difficulty in cultivation.
• Conservation efforts in India include in-situ/ex-situ conservation, tissue culture, and habitat restoration led by BSI.
• Listed under CITES Appendix I & II, IUCN Red List as Critically Endangered/Endangered, and India’s Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 Schedule III.

Iron Pollution: Ocean Cycle

• Industrial iron pollution significantly disrupts ocean nutrient cycles. Why: It leads to depletion of essential nutrients in the ocean.
• Human activity releases iron, boosting spring phytoplankton blooms but accelerating overall nutrient loss. Why: This rapid nutrient use and subsequent scarcity destabilize the marine ecosystem base.
• Accelerated nutrient depletion threatens the entire marine food chain, from zooplankton to whales. Why: Marine life depends on these nutrients, putting species unable to adapt at risk.
• Excess nutrients from pollution can trigger toxic harmful algal blooms (HABs). Why: HABs damage marine life and can be harmful to humans.
• The problem of ocean nutrient depletion is worsened by climate change. Why: It adds further stress to already disrupted marine ecosystems.
• Industrial emissions, including from sectors like iron and steel, are sources of this pollution. Why: These industries release pollutants that contribute excess iron to the environment.

India’s First M LLM

• Launched by Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh at the BharatGen Summit 2025, signifying its official unveiling as a major national AI project.
• It is India’s first indigenously developed, government-funded Multimodal Large Language Model (LLM), important as it highlights domestic innovation and strategic national investment in AI.
• Operates in 22 Indian languages and is trained on diverse data types (text, images, audio, video), enabling widespread use across India’s linguistic landscape and interpretation of complex, real-world information.
• Developed under the National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS) by the TIH Foundation at IIT Bombay, indicating a collaborative, structured approach driven by a government mission.
• Aims to create AI that is ethical, inclusive, multilingual, and deeply rooted in Indian values, focusing on providing region-specific solutions in sectors like healthcare (including AI doctors speaking native languages for telemedicine), agriculture, education, and governance, aligning AI development with national needs and values.
• Positioned as a “national mission” aligning with the vision of “India’s Techade”, underscoring its strategic importance for fostering both innovation and inclusion across the country.

BESS: India’s Green Pillar

• Grid Stability and Reliability: BESS balances the grid by storing intermittent solar/wind energy and releasing it during shortfalls, smoothing fluctuations and enhancing reliability.
• Supporting Renewable Expansion: Government mandates for co-located storage with new solar projects ensure grid resilience necessary for higher renewable energy integration.
• Declining Costs: Significant drops in lithium-ion battery prices and tariffs are making BESS more affordable and competitive with conventional power sources.
• Policy and Regulatory Support: Measures like Energy Storage Obligations requiring increased storage from renewables and Viability Gap Funding reducing upfront costs are driving deployment and investment.
• Utility-Scale and Urban Use: Operational standalone BESS improves power quality, benefiting consumers, and plans are underway to integrate storage with urban EV infrastructure.
• Projected Growth: India requires substantial BESS capacity (47 GW/236 GWh by 2031–32) to support its large future solar and wind targets, indicating the scale and urgency.
• Investments and Innovation: Rising domestic battery manufacturing and advanced tech development, supported by policies and private sector, are accelerating growth.
• Broader Impact: Widespread BESS adoption can delay costly grid upgrades, improve energy security, and support a shift to a resilient, modern power system.

Eco Textiles

• India, as a major textile producer and exporter aiming for $350 billion by 2030 and 35 million jobs, must adopt sustainability (regenerative farming, traceability, circularity). This is because traditional strategies are insufficient against geopolitical tensions, climate vulnerability, and shifting consumer demands for ethical sourcing, making sustainability the new competitive advantage needed for growth.
• Regenerative farming is crucial as it improves soil health, biodiversity, and climate resilience. Successful pilots show higher yields, reduced chemical costs, and better incomes for farmers, supporting rural livelihoods and ensuring product sustainability compliance required in global markets.
• Traceability solutions are essential for building consumer trust (37% care) and ensuring ethical practices across the supply chain. Initiatives like Kasturi Cotton and tech solutions are driven by trade negotiations and standards, which require authenticated, environmentally conscious products for market access.
• Product circularity is vital for reducing textile waste, where India contributes 8.5% globally. By focusing on longer lifecycles and waste reuse, it drives innovation, creates jobs, and improves resource efficiency, aligning with national development goals like Viksit Bharat.
• Despite the push, challenges include fragmented implementation, low awareness among small manufacturers, and limited infrastructure. Addressing these through scaling practices, technology investment, R&D support, and policy alignment with green standards is necessary to achieve global leadership.

Rajasthan Ramsar Sites

• Two wetlands in Rajasthan, Khichan (Phalodi) and Menar (Udaipur), have been added to the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
• This designation increases India’s total Ramsar Sites to 91 and Rajasthan’s count to 4 (the others being Sambhar Salt Lake and Keoladeo Ghana National Park).
• Why it’s news: The Ramsar recognition highlights these sites as critical ecosystems.
• Menar is significant for its community-driven conservation model and rich bird diversity, particularly migratory species.
• Khichan is globally known for hosting thousands of Demoiselle Cranes and is an excellent example of local ecological stewardship.
• The Ramsar listing acknowledges wetlands’ vital roles in supporting biodiversity, regulating floods, recharging groundwater, and purifying water.
• It reinforces India’s position as a leader in wetland conservation in Asia.
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi hailed the addition as great news and a testament to India’s environmental conservation efforts, powered by public participation.
• Union Minister Bhupender Yadav announced the update, attributing it to the PM’s focus on environmental preservation.

World Env Day 2025

• World Environment Day (WED) 2025 is being celebrated on 5th June, with South Korea (Republic of Korea) serving as the global host.
• The event is in the news because it highlights urgent global environmental issues, particularly focusing on its theme: “Beat Plastic Pollution”.
• The theme aims to raise global awareness about the significant production, use, and disposal of plastics and promote solutions like refusing, reducing, reusing, and recycling plastic to tackle the crisis.
• The UN Environment Programme (UNEP) leads WED, which was established by the UN General Assembly in 1972 at the Stockholm Conference, a landmark event for the global environmental movement that recognized the right to a clean environment.
• Plastic pollution is a major concern because it contributes to pollution, biodiversity loss, and climate change, with millions of tonnes entering water bodies and polluting soil annually, incurring high economic costs globally.
• As part of the WED events, India’s Prime Minister will plant a Banyan sapling under the ‘Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam’ initiative, linked to the ‘Aravalli Green Wall project’, showcasing national environmental efforts.
• The focus on plastic pollution is critical due to issues like high global consumption, poor waste management, and the dominance of single-use plastics, which harm ecosystems, wildlife, public health, and economies worldwide.

Environmental Exposomics

• Exposomics is a new approach studying all environmental exposures over a lifetime and their health impact, moving beyond assessing single risk factors traditionally. Why: It offers a comprehensive understanding of disease causes, complementing genomics.
• It uses advanced methods like wearable sensors, untargeted biomonitoring, organs-on-chip, AI, and big data platforms to integrate complex exposure data. Why: Enables detailed measurement and analysis of the ‘exposome’ for better environment-health mapping (EWAS).
• Exposomics improves upon current Global Burden of Disease studies by including crucial environmental factors often missed, such as microplastics, chemical mixtures, environmental noise, psycho-social stress, and specific climate change impacts. Why: Addresses data gaps in traditional assessments, providing a more complete picture of environmental health risks.
• Exposomics is particularly relevant for India due to its large, complex, and under-monitored environmental challenges, fragmented surveillance, and significant environmental disease burden (e.g., NCDs linked to OEH risks, lead exposure impacting children). Why: Offers a pathway for India to develop data-driven, integrated prevention strategies and precision public health interventions.
• Adopting exposomics requires developing harmonized data repositories, investing in surveillance infrastructure (real-time monitoring, biomonitoring labs), mainstreaming environmental factors in public health programs, and promoting interdisciplinary research and training. Why: These steps are necessary to translate exposomic science into effective policy and public health action.

Indian at ISS

• Indian astronaut Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla is scheduled to conduct scientific research aboard the International Space Station (ISS).
• Why significant: This marks India’s active participation with defined scientific responsibilities in an international human space mission, a source of national pride.
• Key Research: Study human adaptation to the space environment, including physical (muscle/bone), cognitive (memory, attention), and physiological responses.
• Why this research: Essential for ensuring astronaut health, safety, and efficiency during long-duration missions, supporting future plans like India’s own space station.
• Key Research: Investigate the cognitive impact of prolonged exposure to electronic displays in microgravity.
• Why this research: To guide the design of astronaut-friendly interfaces and technology for space.
• Key Research: Examine skeletal muscle dysfunction and evaluate therapeutic interventions in space conditions.
• Key Research: Study the revival and survival of extremophiles like Tardigrades in space.
• Why these studies: Advance scientific understanding of human factors and life’s resilience in space, contributing to global knowledge and India’s self-reliance in space technology.
• The mission follows discussions during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to the United States and reflects India’s progress in its human spaceflight program alongside Gaganyaan.
• Utilizing the ISS is vital for preparing for India’s planned Bharatiya Antariksh Station by 2035.

Metal Nanozyme Anticoagulant

• Researchers at IISc, Bengaluru, developed a novel artificial metal-based nanozyme.
• It prevents excessive blood clotting (thrombosis).
• Why it’s significant: Unlike traditional anti-clotting drugs, it does this without causing bleeding risks. It selectively targets abnormal clotting while preserving normal blood clotting function.
• The nanozyme is made of spherical vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅) nanoparticles.
• How it works: It mimics a natural enzyme, regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are triggers for excessive clotting.
• Tests on human platelets and mouse models showed it effectively prevented clots and improved survival in mice with no observed toxicity.
• Potential use: Exploration for conditions like ischemic stroke is planned.
• Human clinical trials are the next step to advance this safer anti-clotting approach.

Varma Impeachment

• Government plans to introduce an impeachment motion against Justice Yashwant Varma of the Allahabad High Court. Why: This is the main action being taken.
• The motion follows a Supreme Court-appointed panel’s finding of unaccounted cash at his residence. Why: This is the serious allegation leading to the impeachment process.
• The panel found Justice Varma failed to explain the source of the cash, terming it serious misconduct. Why: This confirms the official investigation’s conclusion that warrants action.
• Justice Varma refused to resign despite the Supreme Court’s urging. Why: His refusal led the government to proceed with the formal impeachment process.
• Government is seeking cross-party support, which opposition parties indicate they will likely give based on judicial accountability. Why: Shows the political backing and likelihood of the motion progressing.
• Due to the prior SC inquiry, Parliament can proceed directly to the impeachment motion without forming a new committee. Why: Explains a specific procedural efficiency in this case.
• If successful, it would be the first impeachment of a High Court judge in India. Why: Highlights the unprecedented and historic nature of the event.
• The case emphasizes judicial accountability and integrity in the higher judiciary. Why: Places the event within a broader discussion on judicial standards.

Nightingale Awards 2025

• News Point: The President of India, Smt Droupadi Murmu, presented the National Florence Nightingale Awards for 2025 at Rashtrapati Bhavan on May 30, 2025.
  Why: This marks the official recognition ceremony for outstanding nursing professionals in India by the head of state.

• News Point: 15 nursing professionals received the award, recognizing their exemplary contributions to healthcare and public service.
  Why: Highlights the dedication and vital role of these individuals in the health sector across different capacities (clinical care, public health, education, administration).

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• News Point: The National Florence Nightingale Awards were instituted in 1973 by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
  Why: Provides context on the long-standing tradition and governmental significance of this honour for nurses.

• News Point: Awards are given to nursing personnel serving in Central and State Governments, Union Territories, and Voluntary Organizations across categories like Registered Nurses and Midwives, Registered Auxiliary Nurses and Midwives, and Registered Lady Visitors.
  Why: Shows the broad scope and inclusivity of the award, covering various roles and sectors where nurses serve.

• News Point: Each award includes a Certificate of Merit, a cash prize of Rs 1,00,000, and a medal.
  Why: Details the tangible recognition provided to the awardees.

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• News Point: The award is named after Florence Nightingale (1820–1910), founder of modern nursing known for her work during the Crimean War and establishing formal nursing education.
  Why: Explains the historical figure honoured by the award and her foundational contribution to the nursing profession globally.

Mustard Oil Policy Regs

Date: 4-06-2025
Mainspedia TOPIC: Mustard oil Policy and regulation

• FSSAI banned blending of mustard oil (2021): Why? To prevent adulteration and increase domestic mustard production, aiming for safety.
• Supreme Court split verdict on GM mustard DMH-11 (2024): Why? Rejected approval due to insufficient human health data, despite DMH-11 having lower erucic acid and promising higher yields.
• High Erucic Acid in Indian Mustard Oil (40-54%): Why? It’s a naturally present fatty acid linked to health risks like heart disease and liver damage; globally safe levels are <5%.
• Ban on blending removed a safer option: Why? Blending dilutes erucic acid and improves fatty acid profiles, making it potentially safer than pure high-erucic mustard oil.
• GM Mustard (DMH-11) has lower erucic acid (30-35%): Why? It’s a GM variant developed to address the high erucic acid issue and boost yields/reduce imports, though still higher than global safe levels.
• Need for a balanced strategy: Why? Both the blending ban and SC verdict haven’t fully solved the high erucic acid problem; requires regulating safe blending and accelerating low-erucic GM development.

3 DPSUs Get Miniratna

• The Ministry of Defence has approved the conferment of “Miniratna (Category-I)” status to three Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs): Munitions India Limited (MIL), Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited (AVNL), and India Optel Limited (IOL).
• Why: These companies were among the seven PSUs carved out of the erstwhile Ordnance Factory Board (OFB) in 2021 as part of the Government’s defence sector reforms to enhance functional autonomy and efficiency.
• Why they qualified: They transformed into profit-making corporate entities in a short span and met the eligibility criteria for Miniratna-I status, including continuous profit for three years, pre-tax profit of Rs. 30 crores or more in at least one year, and a positive net worth. They also achieved significant milestones like substantial growth in sales (e.g., MIL sales from Rs. 2571.6 Cr to Rs. 8282 Cr) and exports (e.g., MIL exports from Rs. 22.55 Cr to Rs. 3081 Cr), and increased indigenization (e.g., AVNL achieving 100% engine indigenization).
• Why it matters (Impact): Miniratna status grants these companies greater autonomy to invest, raise capital, and make quicker decisions. This empowerment is expected to boost their efficiency, competitiveness, global reach, and accelerate their growth trajectory in defence production and exports.

RadioX Star

• Discovery of a unique celestial object emitting simultaneous radio waves and X-rays.
  • Why: The simultaneous emission of these different radiation types from a single transient source is highly unusual.
• It emits bursts every 44 minutes, placing it in a new class called long-period radio transients.
  • Why: This period is much longer than the milliseconds to seconds seen in typical rapidly rotating pulsars, highlighting its distinct nature.
• The exact nature of the object is still unknown.
  • Why: Possible identities include a magnetar (a highly magnetic neutron star) or a white dwarf in a binary system. These are very different stellar remnants, making its true identity a significant mystery revealing new astrophysical processes.
• Located about 15,000 light-years away in the Milky Way galaxy.
  • Why: Provides context for its distance and location, crucial for further observation.
• Studied using data from telescopes including NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory.
  • Why: Indicates the advanced observational capabilities needed to detect and characterize this unique object.

BIPV

• BIPV integrates solar panels directly into building structures like façades, roofs, and windows, acting as both building material and power generator.
• It is relevant news because India’s rapid urban vertical growth limits traditional rooftop solar space, making BIPV a crucial scalable, land-neutral alternative to meet rising energy demand and clean energy goals.
• BIPV is needed in India as conventional rooftop solar alone cannot meet the energy gap in densely populated cities and high-rises due to space constraints, while BIPV can utilise larger building surface areas for higher power generation.
• The status is gaining momentum with falling costs and sustainability focus, seen in notable installations across commercial, public, and institutional buildings in India.
• Scaling faces challenges like high initial cost, lack of dedicated policies/incentives, insufficient expertise, and low awareness. Solutions include targeted subsidies, regulatory integration into building codes, pilot projects, and boosting domestic manufacturing.

Ladakh Job Domicile

• New regulations notified for Ladakh covering land, jobs, and cultural preservation, addressing long-standing concerns of civil society groups like LAB and KDA amidst demands for Sixth Schedule status. (Why: Centre’s response to activism and demands)
• Introduces domicile requirement for government jobs (15 yrs residence, or 7 yrs schooling + Class 10/12, or children/spouses of specific categories), establishing a specific definition for Ladakh. (Why: Protects local employment, addresses fears of demographic change not covered by previous J&K laws)
• Sets procedure for obtaining domicile certificates via Tehsildar/Deputy Commissioner. (Why: Formalises the new domicile rule)
• Caps total reservation in jobs and professional institutions at 85% (SC, ST, OBC, others) plus 10% EWS. (Why: Expands reservation limits beyond previous 50% cap in institutions)
• Recognises English, Hindi, Urdu, Bhoti, and Purgi as official languages, with support for Shina, Brokskat, Balti, and Ladakhi. (Why: Acknowledges local languages, affirms cultural identities, a shift from older laws)
• Reserves one-third of seats for women in Leh and Kargil LAHDCs. (Why: Promotes gender empowerment and inclusive governance)
• Regulations shift from adapted J&K laws to UT-specific rules. (Why: Tailors governance to Ladakh’s unique context post-2019)
• Challenges remain: Regulations are executive orders under Article 240, easily alterable; lack constitutional status unlike Sixth Schedule; no explicit land safeguards for non-domiciles; LAHDCs lack legislative power. (Why: Highlights limitations of the regulations compared to demands for constitutional protection and autonomy)

India Polar Research Vessel

• Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers Limited (GRSE) signed an MoU with Norway’s Kongsberg firm to develop India’s first indigenously built Polar Research Vessel (PRV). Why: Marks an important step for indigenous shipbuilding and international collaboration in specialized vessel development.
• A PRV is a ship supporting research in polar and ocean areas, tailored for the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research. Why: Provides a dedicated platform for scientific exploration in challenging environments.
• The vessel will support India’s existing research stations (Bharati, Maitri in Antarctica, Himadri in Arctic). Why: Strengthens India’s polar and ocean research missions and logistical capabilities in remote regions.
• Equipped with advanced instruments, it will explore marine ecosystems and deep-sea biodiversity. Why: Enhances India’s scientific capabilities for critical ocean and climate research.
• The project reinforces India’s commitment to MAHASAGAR (Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security Across the Regions) and aligns with Sagarmala 2.0 goals. Why: Aims to position India as a global maritime leader, enhancing regional security and sustainable development.
• Collaboration with Norway aligns with ‘Make in India’ and Atmanirbhar Bharat goals by boosting indigenous shipbuilding capability, utilizing design expertise. Why: Crucial for self-reliance and growth in India’s maritime sector.
• Expected within five years at an estimated cost of Rs. 2,600 crore, to be built by GRSE in Kolkata. Why: Provides a timeline and scale for this significant national project.

Smart IoT Future

• Why in News? The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative force profoundly impacting daily lives by infusing intelligence into everyday things, making homes and systems more intuitive, efficient, and secure.
• What is IoT? It’s a network of physical devices embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity that collect, exchange, and act on data.
• Key Features: Includes Connectivity, Automation & Intelligence, Remote Monitoring, Interoperability, Scalability, Data Analytics & AI Integration, and Customization.
• Key Components: Sensors & Actuators (physical interaction), Connectivity (communication protocols), IoT Gateways (bridge to cloud), Cloud Computing & Data Processing (analysis), and User Interface (human control).
• Key Applications: Smart Cities (traffic, energy, waste), Smart Homes (energy, security), Healthcare (remote monitoring, wearables), Smarter Transportation (fleet tracking, connected vehicles), Industrial & Workplace Safety (predictive maintenance, hazard monitoring), and Agriculture & Food Safety (precision farming, supply chain tracking).
• Risks and Challenges: Include Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities (weak passwords, insecure APIs), Unauthorized Access (privacy concerns, data leaks), Lack of Standardization/Interoperability (fragmentation), Scalability/Infrastructure Demands (data overload, energy), and AI-Powered Cyber Threats (manipulating data).
• Strengthening Measures: Enhance IoT Security (MFA, PKI, updates, AI analytics), Improve Interoperability & Standardization (universal standards), Strengthen Compliance Frameworks (data protection laws like India’s DPDP Act, GDPR), and Build Robust Infrastructure (5G, Edge computing).

Rajgir Spring Antimicrobial

• Recent research shows bacteria isolated from Rajgir hot spring exhibit notable antimicrobial activity.
• Rajgir’s hot springs unique thermal and chemical conditions harbour thermophilic and extremophilic bacteria like Bacillus, Geobacillus, and Anoxybacillus.
• These bacteria produce valuable bioactive compounds, including antibiotics and enzymes, displaying antimicrobial properties against pathogens.
• The finding holds significant potential for developing new antibiotics and biotechnology applications, crucial given rising antibiotic resistance.
• Antimicrobial activity is the ability of a substance or organism to kill or inhibit microorganisms, vital for controlling infections and developing new drugs.
• Rajgir Hot Spring is a natural geothermal spring in Bihar whose environment provides the habitat for these scientifically significant bacteria.

ML in Gaming

• Why in News: India plans to include online real money gaming (RMG) under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA).
• RMG allows staking real money; India is a large and growing market driven by data, smartphones, and digital payments, but vulnerability is high due to unemployment, celebrity endorsements, and poor digital literacy.
• Current regulation is fragmented across states and national laws, with foreign investment banned in betting/gambling.
• Money laundering typically involves Placing illicit funds, Layering through complex in-game transactions, and Integration by withdrawing “cleaned” money.
• PMLA inclusion is needed due to regulatory gaps exploited by illegal offshore operators for tax evasion and fraud (e.g., Mahadev app case).
• It strengthens accountability, helps monitor virtual assets, combats potential terror financing via anonymous gameplay, and improves cybersecurity against malware and fraud.
• Challenges include tracking funds through mule accounts/shell entities and vast micro-transactions, misuse of in-game assets, multiple payment methods, cross-border issues with offshore platforms, difficulty proving laundering intent vs. high-stakes play, evolving fraud techniques, and fragmented enforcement with ineffective penalties.
• Balancing regulation and user convenience can involve tiered KYC and regulation based on risk, algorithmic accountability, intelligence-led enforcement, consumer protection, and international cooperation.
• A balanced framework integrating PMLA with tech-driven, risk-based rules is key for financial integrity and safety.

Kochi Container Accident

• A container ship sank off Kochi carrying 643 containers, including 13 known to be hazardous, triggering a tier-2 maritime emergency.
• The Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology (CMLRE) under the Ministry of Earth Sciences is leading an urgent 10-day oceanographic study (June 3-12, 2025) in the southeastern Arabian Sea, focusing on the wreck site.
• The study aims to assess the immediate and long-term ecological and biogeochemical impacts of the hazardous cargo and oil spill on marine ecosystems, coastal habitats, and fisheries.
• Concerns include toxic effects on marine biodiversity, contamination of fish stocks, and potential health risks to coastal populations, especially as the area is a critical breeding ground for commercially important fish.
• Rapid monitoring, collection of water, sediment, and marine life samples, and analysis of chemical and biological parameters (hydrocarbons, heavy metals, plankton, etc.) are being conducted to determine the pollution’s scale and severity.
• The study involves inter-agency coordination (Coast Guard, NDRF, Customs, state agencies) for containment, cleanup, and risk mitigation.
• Authorities have implemented a 20-nautical-mile fishing ban around the wreck site and issued public advisories to avoid contact with contaminated materials to protect public safety and livelihoods.
• The findings will guide immediate cleanup efforts and support long-term strategies for hazardous cargo management and marine disaster preparedness, minimizing ecological damage and enhancing India’s response capacity.

Trojan Drone Attack

• Ukraine used a “Trojan Horse” tactic by hiding FPV drones in wooden cabins on trucks to smuggle them deep into Russia. Why: This method allowed covert infiltration and launch of attacks far behind enemy lines using deception.
• The attacks targeted multiple Russian air bases, some located thousands of kilometres from the Ukraine border. Why: This demonstrated Ukraine’s capability for deep strikes and challenged Russia’s security far from the front lines.
• Ukraine claimed significant damage, including the destruction of strategic bombers and A-50 early-warning planes. Why: These are high-value, difficult-to-replace assets, impacting Russia’s strategic military capabilities.
• The attack used numerous small FPV drones for a deep, coordinated strike, a departure from previous tactics. Why: Experts see this as a potential shift in modern warfare, highlighting the effectiveness of low-cost drone tactics against expensive, traditional military assets.
• The mission was planned for 18 months, indicating a sophisticated and long-term covert operation by Ukraine’s security services. Why: Shows the depth of planning and operational capability required for such audacious strikes deep inside enemy territory.

Neuro Decline

• Recent research, including studies from NCBS-TIFR, indicates neurodegenerative diseases may start years before symptoms appear. Why? This challenges the traditional view focusing solely on late-stage neuron damage and shifts attention to earlier changes.
• Early causes identified include blood vessel dysfunction, particularly damage to the blood-brain barrier, and abnormal protein activity like TDP-43 dysfunction. Why? Damage allows harmful substances into the brain, triggering inflammation and neuron loss early in the disease process.
• Dysfunction of proteins such as TDP-43 and Esyt disrupt essential cell processes and signaling in neurons. Why? This breakdown initiates damage and contributes to neurodegeneration from the cellular level.
• This new understanding focusing on early vascular and molecular changes paves the way for earlier diagnosis and preventive strategies. Why? Detecting issues before significant neuron death occurs offers a better chance for effective intervention.
• Neurodegenerative diseases are progressive disorders where brain/nerve cells break down, leading to problems with memory, movement, etc., and currently lack a complete cure. Why? This highlights the urgent need for understanding early mechanisms to develop better treatments and prevention.

India BioE3 Life

• India will conduct its first biological experiments on the International Space Station (ISS) under the BioE3 mission.
• Purpose is to study the sustainability of human life in space, specifically focusing on food sources and waste recycling.
• The mission is led by ISRO in partnership with the Department of Biotechnology (DBT).
• Experiments are part of the upcoming Axiom Mission 4 (AXIOM-4), a private spaceflight scheduled for launch in June 2025.
• Two Indian astronauts from ISRO, including Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla, will participate and conduct the experiments.
• Experiments include studying:
  • The effect of microgravity/radiation on edible microalgae growth (potential food, air purification).
  • Cyanobacteria like Spirulina growth using different nutrients (urea vs. nitrate) for waste recycling and evaluating Spirulina as a “superfood.”
• The initiative is a key part of India’s BioE3 (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment & Employment) policy, aimed at advancing biotechnology for various sectors including space research.
• The announcement highlights India’s vision for global biotech leadership, as stated by Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh.

Osaka Expo 2025

• What: 2025 Osaka World Expo is being held in Japan.
  Why: It serves as a “Living Lab” to find solutions for global challenges, aligned with SDGs, fostering international exchange.
• Expo Theme: “Designing Future Society for Our Lives”.
  Why: Focuses on innovation and co-creation of solutions.
• India’s Approach: Focused on soft power and cultural renaissance, blending ancient wisdom with modern innovation.
  Why: To embrace its civilisational ethos, promote inclusivity, and foster global partnerships using spiritual, cultural, and scientific achievements.
• India’s Pavilion Curator: Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA).
  Why: Positions itself as a modern “sutradhar” (narrator) of India’s story, stringing together ancient philosophies and contemporary ambitions.
• Pavilion Theme/Inspiration: Compassion and inclusivity, symbolized by the ‘Bodhisattva Padmapani’ from Ajanta Caves.
  Why: Represents compassion and knowledge, embodying India’s values and serving as a bridge between heritage and future.
• Key Pavilion Elements: Lotus Courtyard (Ajanta frescoes), ‘Oneness Lounge’ (reimagined Bodhi Tree), ‘Wall of Life’ (Yoga & Ayurveda), highlighting India’s space program and UNESCO sites.
  Why: To showcase India’s rich legacy, promote wellness, boost tourism, and highlight achievements.

Planet 9 & Dwarf

• A new dwarf planet, 2017 OF201, was discovered during the search for the hypothetical Planet Nine. This is significant because it sheds light on unexplored regions at the solar system’s edge.
• 2017 OF201 is about 700 km wide with a vast, 25,000-year orbit reaching far into the Oort cloud. This is important as its unusual orbit might be influenced by Planet Nine or require alternative explanations.
• The discovery of 2017 OF201 suggests the existence of hundreds more similar icy bodies in the Kuiper Belt beyond Neptune. This is significant for understanding the composition and structure of the outer solar system.
• The Planet Nine hypothesis suggests a large, unseen planet beyond Neptune. This is based on the clustered orbital patterns of distant objects like 2017 OF201’s potential influence or other TNOs, indicating a gravitational pull.
• A dwarf planet is a celestial body orbiting the Sun that is nearly round but has not cleared its orbital path, unlike a full planet. This clarifies the classification of 2017 OF201.

Farm Subsidy Reform

• Why in News: The Vice President advocated for direct transfer of agricultural subsidies to farmers’ accounts, stating it could significantly boost farmer income (estimating Rs 35,000 annually per farmer).
• Current Subsidies: India has various subsidies including Direct Benefit Transfer (PM KISAN), Input Subsidies (Fertilizer, Seed, Irrigation, Power), Credit & Insurance (PMFBY, Interest Subvention), Output Subsidies (MSP), and Infrastructure (Warehouse/Cold Storage).
• Consequences of Current Subsidies:
  • Fiscal Burden: Strains government finances (e.g., Rs 3.71 lakh crore allocated for food/fertiliser in FY26).
  • Environmental Damage: Leads to soil degradation (unbalanced fertiliser use) and groundwater depletion (free power for pumps).
  • Market Distortions: Skewed benefits (only 6% farmers benefit from MSP), leading to overproduction of certain crops and waste (e.g., FCI rotting grains).
  • Export Issues: Limits India’s ability to export due to WTO rules on subsidy ceilings.
• Advantages of Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT): Improves targeting, increases transparency, promotes farmer autonomy, reduces market distortion, and enhances administrative efficiency.
• Limitations of DBT: Potential for exclusion risks, digital divide issues, misuse of funds, exposure to price volatility, and implementation challenges.
• Proposed Reforms:
  • Targeted DBT: Use technology like geo-tagging to ensure aid reaches smallholders.
  • Market-Responsive MSP: Make MSP dynamic based on real-time data and costs.
  • Green Subsidies: Link power/fertiliser aid to sustainable practices (e.g., water-efficient tech).
  • Post-Harvest Infrastructure: Boost investment in storage and processing to reduce losses and increase farmer value.
  • WTO Compliance: Shift focus to non-trade-distorting areas like R&D and rural infrastructure.

New Caledonia

• Talks aimed at establishing a new political agreement for New Caledonia collapsed on May 8, plunging the French territory into uncertainty. This follows years of unrest and three contested independence referendums (2018-2021) held under the now-expired 1998 Nouméa Accord.
• The recent failure is tied to violent riots in May 2024 triggered by a proposed French law to change voting rights for provincial elections, highlighting the persistent deep divisions.
• The core issue remains the conflict between the indigenous Kanak people’s demand for independence, rooted in the territory’s colonial history since French seizure in 1853, and loyalist factions wishing to remain with France.
• Efforts to find a “third way” or “sovereignty in partnership” during the recent talks were rejected by loyalists, who instead proposed partition, neither gaining consensus.
• Provincial elections are now set to proceed by November 2025 without a prior political agreement on New Caledonia’s future status.

Glacier Preservation Conf

• The 1st UN International Conference on Glaciers’ Preservation was hosted by Tajikistan in Dushanbe, collaborating with UNESCO and WMO.
• It aimed to highlight the vital role of glaciers in global ecological balance and water security.
• The conference resulted in the adoption of the Dushanbe Glaciers Declaration, signifying international commitment to preservation.
• Glaciers are crucial as they hold about 70% of the world’s freshwater supply.
• They are critical water sources for major river systems, like the Hindu Kush Himalayas for the Indus River.
• Glacier retreat is a significant concern, with countries like Venezuela losing all glaciers, indicating accelerating climate change impacts.
• India’s Minister of State for Environment used the forum to counter Pakistan’s criticism regarding the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT).
• India stated Pakistan’s cross-border terrorism interferes with the treaty’s implementation and necessitates a reassessment of obligations due to changed circumstances (technology, demographics, climate change, terrorism).
• Pakistan’s PM accused India of an illegal and regrettable unilateral decision to hold the IWT in abeyance, endangering millions for political gains.
• This spat highlights how climate-related forums can become platforms for addressing broader geopolitical issues like water sharing and terrorism, particularly concerning resources like glacier-fed rivers governed by treaties like the IWT.
• The conference also set the stage for future initiatives like the International Year of Glaciers Preservation (2025) and the Decade of Action for Cryospheric Sciences (2025–2034).

India FY25 Deficit Target Met

• India successfully met its fiscal deficit target of 4.8% of GDP for the financial year 2024-25, based on provisional data from the Controller General of Accounts (CGA).
• The actual fiscal deficit for FY25 was Rs 15.77 lakh crore, which is 4.8% of the estimated GDP.
• Total revenue receipts amounted to Rs 30.78 lakh crore, while total expenditure was Rs 46.55 lakh crore.
• Fiscal deficit is the difference between government expenditure and total receipts (excluding borrowings), indicating the government’s borrowing needs.
• Meeting the target is crucial for maintaining macroeconomic stability, managing the national debt burden, controlling inflationary pressures, and preventing the crowding out of private investment.
• A manageable fiscal deficit helps ensure fiscal space for future development spending and maintains investor confidence.
• The government has set a tighter fiscal deficit target of 4.4% of GDP for FY 2025-26.
• Achieving the target aligns with India’s glide path strategy towards fiscal consolidation, supported by measures like the FRBM Act and increased capital expenditure.

India-Maldives Bill Rollover

• Key Point: India, through the State Bank of India (SBI), rolled over (renewed) a USD 50 million Treasury Bill for the Maldives.

  • Why: To provide financial support to the Maldives as part of India’s ongoing assistance under a special government-to-government (G2G) framework active since 2019. This is emergency financial assistance requested by the Maldivian government.

• Key Point: The rollover helps the Maldives manage its finances.

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  • Why: Maldives is facing economic challenges, including high public debt and a widening fiscal deficit. Rolling over the T-Bill delays the need for the Maldives government to repay this short-term debt, easing immediate liquidity pressures and supporting efforts for fiscal reforms.

• Key Point: This rollover is part of broader Indian support.

  • Why: India has a history of providing financial and economic assistance to the Maldives, including past rollovers of T-Bills, a currency swap facility (USD 400 million and Rs 3,000 crore), and other forms of economic and defence cooperation, reflecting the close bilateral relationship.

• Key Point: Treasury Bills (T-Bills) are short-term government debt instruments.

  • Why: Understanding T-Bills clarifies that the rollover involves extending the maturity period of a debt the Maldives government owes, providing them more time before repayment is due.

LRS Scheme

• India’s outward remittances under the Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS) fell to USD 29.56 billion in FY2025 from USD 31.74 billion in FY2024.
• The decline is attributed to global uncertainties, sluggish domestic income growth, high base effect, and notably a 16% drop in student remittances.
• Student remittances decreased primarily due to stricter student visa regulations in countries like the US, UK, and Canada, leading to a significant fall in study permits issued to Indian students.
• Travel remittances saw a marginal decline but remain the largest component of LRS outflows, accounting for over 57%, indicating continued interest in international travel despite a slower pace.
• Investment in equity and debt abroad by resident Indians under LRS increased by 12.51% in FY2025.
• LRS allows resident individuals to remit up to USD 250,000 per financial year for approved transactions, including education, travel, and investment.
• The Union Budget in February 2025 increased the threshold for Tax Collected at Source (TCS) on LRS transactions from Rs 7 lakh to Rs 10 lakh, aimed at boosting outbound tourism and education.
• Certain transactions like purchasing lottery tickets or remittances to FATF non-compliant countries are prohibited under LRS.

Pharma Tech

• The pharmaceutical industry is rapidly evolving driven by biologics, AI, and automation, necessitating that India fosters specialized skills and addresses challenges like regulatory compliance and innovation to stay competitive globally.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) speed up drug discovery, predict molecular behavior, and personalize treatments; India is deploying AI for diseases like tuberculosis and diabetes.
• Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) monitors health parameters in real-time, enabling personalized treatment and supporting decentralized clinical trials.
• Blockchain technology ensures privacy, transparency, and traceability in the pharmaceutical supply chain, helping detect counterfeit medicines.
• Biologics are complex medicines from living organisms, while biosimilars are cost-effective equivalent versions; technologies like organ bioprinting are also emerging.
• Digital Twin technology uses virtual simulations to improve drug manufacturing efficiency and optimize operations.
• India is the world’s 3rd largest producer of pharmaceuticals by volume, supplying over 50% of global vaccine demand and a significant portion of generics to the US market, with its market projected to grow significantly by 2030.
• Key concerns include data privacy and cybersecurity risks, escalating costs that create barriers for SMEs, complex regulatory frameworks, skill deficits in new technologies, and ethical considerations.
• Ensuring responsible technological intervention requires adaptive regulatory ecosystems, strengthening data security and ethics (aligned with laws like the Digital Data Protection Act, 2023), investing in human capital and digital skills, and promoting collaboration.
• Bridging the skill gap in emerging technologies is crucial for sustaining India’s leadership in the pharmaceutical sector and enhancing its global competitiveness.

RBI Annual 24-25

• Why in News: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) released its comprehensive Annual Report for 2024-25, detailing economic, monetary, and financial developments and outlook.
• Indian Economy: Remained the fastest-growing major economy globally at 6.5% GDP growth in 2024-25, driven by strong services (7.5%) and improved agriculture (4.6%), despite global slowdown.
• RBI Balance Sheet & Surplus: Grew 8.2%, with income up 22.77% (boosted by forex gains, higher investment returns) and expenditure up 7.76%. This led to a record surplus transfer of Rs 2.68 lakh crore to the government (up 27.37%). Assets saw significant increases in gold (52.09%) and domestic investments (14.32%).
• Inflation: Headline inflation moderated to 4.6% in 2024-25 (from 5.4% in 2023-24), with core inflation at 3.5% and food inflation falling to 2.9% by March 2025.
• Monetary Policy: Repo rate held at 6.50% through much of the year; stance shifted from “withdrawal of accommodation” to “neutral” in Oct 2024; CRR reduced to 4% in Dec 2024 to ease liquidity.
• Financial Stability: Bank credit growth healthy, NPAs declined. Increased household savings (5.1% of GNDI).
• Digital Leap: Digital payment volume surged 34.8%, UPI accounted for 48.5% of global real-time payments. Financial Inclusion Index rose to 64.2, showing deeper service usage.
• Challenges: Surge in bank fraud amounts (nearly tripled to Rs 36,014 cr), rise in counterfeit Rs 200/500 notes, managing volatile food prices, global uncertainties, and balancing fiscal consolidation with capex needs.
• Outlook & Measures: GDP growth projected at 6.5% for 2025-26, inflation at 4.0%. Key measures needed include strengthening agri-logistics, intensifying fraud tech, scaling CBDC, diversifying external trade, prioritizing quality capex, and integrating climate risk/green finance.

Mosura Fentoni

• Mosura Fentoni is a newly discovered Cambrian radiodont fossil from Canada’s Burgess Shale. Why: It provides new insights into ancient marine life and the evolution of arthropods.
• It exhibits advanced swimming (paddle flaps) and respiratory (gills in posterotrunk) adaptations. Why: These sophisticated features were unexpected for a small creature from this early period, challenging prior assumptions about the capabilities of arthropod relatives.
• Its posterotrunk functioned as a specialized respiratory tagma with concentrated gills, similar to the tails of horseshoe crabs. Why: This demonstrates early functional specialization of body segments, a key characteristic that later enabled the vast diversity of modern arthropods.
• Its anatomy suggests that early segment specialization was already occurring in radiodonts. Why: This crucial ability, foundational to the diversity seen in modern insects, crustaceans, and spiders, appears to have roots in these ancient forms.
• It challenges existing views on arthropod evolution. Why: By revealing unexpected complexity and specialization in an early relative, it requires a re-evaluation of the evolutionary timeline and the origins of traits characteristic of modern arthropods.

Nomadic Elephant 17

• The 17th edition of the India-Mongolia Joint Military Exercise Nomadic Elephant is taking place in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
• It is an annual bilateral exercise held alternately in India and Mongolia, continuing a tradition since 2006.
• The last edition was held in Umroi, Meghalaya in July 2024.
• The exercise is scheduled from 31st May to 13th June 2025.
• The Indian Army contingent, mainly from the ARUNACHAL SCOUTS, comprises 45 personnel. The Mongolian Armed Forces contingent, also of similar strength, is represented by their 150 Special Forces unit.
• Its primary aim is to enhance interoperability between the two forces for semi-conventional operations in semi-urban/mountainous terrain under the United Nations Mandate (Chapter VII). This is why it focuses on joint task force employment.
• Training activities include endurance training, reflex shooting, room intervention, small team tactics, rock craft training, and, uniquely this year, aspects of Cyber Warfare to enhance complexity.
• The exercise reinforces regional security, peace, and stability, highlighting the shared commitment and fostering strong military ties, trust, and cultural understanding between India and Mongolia.

Birch Glacier

• A catastrophic collapse of Switzerland’s Birch Glacier triggered a massive landslide, burying an Alpine village under ice, rock, and mud. This is key because it highlights the immediate destructive impact of the glacier failure.
• The glacier’s instability and collapse were caused by a cascading disaster combining heavy debris load, permafrost thawing, and rising temperatures. This explains the reasons behind the event.
• The collapse impacted the River Lonza, increasing the risks of flooding downstream due to the debris. This details a significant consequence beyond the immediate landslide area.
• Birch Glacier is located in the Swiss Alps’ Lotschental Valley near the Bietschhorn mountain, providing geographical context for the event.
• Swiss glaciers, in general, have lost nearly 40% of their volume since 2000, with a 10% loss in 2022–2023 alone due to record temperatures. This broader context shows the event is part of a wider trend of glacier retreat linked to climate change.
• The Swiss Alps are a prominent mountain range forming a natural barrier in Europe. This places the glacier event within a significant European geographical region.

Padma Honours

• Why in News: The President of India presented the Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Shri Awards for 2025 at Rashtrapati Bhavan on May 27, 2025. These awards, honouring 139 distinguished persons, were announced on the eve of Republic Day 2025.
• Padma Awards are among India’s highest civilian honours, instituted in 1954 and announced annually on Republic Day (January 26th).
• They honour excellence across diverse fields of public service like art, social work, medicine, sports, civil service, and more.
• Awards are given in three categories: Padma Vibhushan (exceptional service), Padma Bhushan (distinguished service of high order), and Padma Shri (distinguished service), ranking highest to lowest respectively.
• Conferred by the President of India, recipients receive a Sanad, medallion, and replica.
• Eligibility extends to all persons regardless of race, occupation, position, or sex.
• Since 2014, the awards have increasingly recognized “unsung heroes,” transforming into the “People’s Padma”; 30 such individuals were honoured this year (2025).
• Nominations are reviewed by the Padma Awards Committee for final approval by the Prime Minister and President.
• Generally not awarded posthumously, they are not titles and cannot be used as prefixes/suffixes. A maximum of 120 awards are given annually (excluding certain exceptions).

Sikkim@50

• Why in News: Sikkim celebrated the 50th anniversary of its integration with India (on 16th May 1975, becoming the 22nd state), with Prime Minister Narendra Modi participating in the Golden Jubilee celebrations on 29th May 2025 and highlighting the state’s journey and future.
• Key Points:
  • Sikkim was a hereditary monarchy ruled by the Chogyal dynasty until 1975.
  • It maintained autonomy, becoming a British protectorate via treaties (Tumlong, Titaliya, Calcutta Convention) and later an Indian protectorate through the Indo-Sikkim Treaty of 1950, controlling defence, external affairs, and communication.
  • In 1975, a referendum resulted in 97% of voters supporting integration with India.
  • The 35th Amendment Act, 1974 made Sikkim an ‘Associate State’, and the 36th Amendment Act, 1975 made it a full-fledged state of India.
  • PM Modi praised Sikkim’s democratic decision to integrate and envisioned it as a “golden” state, a global hub for tourism, and a powerhouse in sports.
  • He highlighted Sikkim’s success as a “model of development with nature”, noting its high per-capita income, status as the world’s first fully organic state (2016), biodiversity, and conservation efforts.
  • New initiatives mentioned include developing Soreng district as India’s first organic fishery cluster and inaugurating the Pelling Ropeway to boost tourism.
  • Improved connectivity and investment commitments were noted as drivers for development and employment.
  • A commemorative ₹50 postage stamp was released as part of the celebrations.
  • Sikkim is located in the Eastern Himalayas, bordering China, Bhutan, West Bengal, and Nepal, and is home to Mount Kanchenjunga, the Teesta river, and diverse biodiversity.

Primate Crisis

• A report titled “Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2023–2025” highlights increasing risks faced by 25 primate species globally.
• The list includes 6 species from Africa, 4 from Madagascar, 9 from Asia, and 6 from South America (Neotropics).
• The Cross River Gorilla (Cameroon/Nigeria) and Tapanuli Orangutan (Sumatra, Indonesia) are specifically highlighted as Critically Endangered and among the most endangered. The Tapanuli Orangutan has fewer than 800 individuals.
• Two primates found in Northeast India and Bangladesh, Phayre’s Langur and the Western Hoolock Gibbon, were considered for the final list but excluded.
• Phayre’s Langur is found in eastern Bangladesh and northeastern India, listed as Endangered (IUCN) and Schedule I (India). It faces threats from hunting, habitat loss and fragmentation, illegal trade, electrocution, and roadkill.
• The Western Hoolock Gibbon, India’s only ape, is found in NE India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. It is also listed as Endangered (IUCN) and Schedule I (India). Key threats include continuous habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting, and capture for illegal trade.
• For these Indian species, the report emphasizes the need for conservation action, including habitat protection and restoration, creating corridors, research, community engagement, and government intervention.