Current Affairs Exam

Repo Rate

April 16, 2025April 16, 2025 by rawan239

Repo Rate Cut: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has reduced the repo rate by 25 basis points to 6.00% as of April 15, 2025.
RBI’s Tool: The repo rate is the interest rate at which the RBI lends money to commercial banks against
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government securities. It’s a key tool for managing liquidity and controlling inflation.
Lower Borrowing Costs for Banks: The repo rate cut lowers borrowing costs for commercial banks.
Impact on FD Rates: Banks are likely to reduce Fixed Deposit (FD) interest rates in response to the repo rate cut. Existing FDs remain unaffected till maturity.
Increased Credit Flow: Lower interest rates are expected to encourage borrowing by businesses and consumers, boosting investment and consumption.
Boost to Key Sectors: Sectors like real estate and infrastructure may benefit from more affordable financing.
Support Against Global Uncertainties: The RBI’s move aims to support the Indian economy amid global challenges, such as U.S. tariffs.
Current Reverse Repo Rate: The current reverse repo rate is 3.35% (as of April 15, 2025).

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Sillahalla Hydro Project

April 16, 2025April 16, 2025 by rawan239

Increased Opposition (April 2025): Local farmers, tribal groups, and environmentalists intensified protests against the Sillahalla Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project (SPSHEP), submitting petitions to the Tamil Nadu government.
Project Aim: The SPSHEP aims to generate 1,000 MW of electricity to meet Tamil Nadu’s peak power demand and support renewable energy integration.
Location & Features: Located in the Nilgiris district, the project involves constructing two dams, tunnels, an underground powerhouse, and surface storage points.
Environmental Concerns: The project threatens to submerge farmland and forest land, affecting approximately 3,000 farmers. Joint land ownership complicates compensation.
Public Response:
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Local communities have raised concerns regarding environmental impact and the loss of livelihoods.
Spiritual Protest: Residents from affected villages prayed to Lord Murugan, the Nilgiris’ guardian deity, to protect the environment and prevent the project’s implementation.
“Sillahalla Kaavadi”: A special kaavadi was offered to Lord Murugan, symbolizing both cultural faith and environmental concern.
Activist Involvement: Activists like M. Sivalingam (Sillahalla Protection Committee) and lawyer K. Vijayan participated in the spiritual protest.
Need for divine intervention: Villagers now turn to the divine, believing that Lord Murugan alone can protect the hills, forests and future.

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Indian Prawn Farming

April 16, 2025April 16, 2025 by rawan239

India’s Prawn Aquaculture Significance: India is the world’s third-largest aquaculture producer and second-largest in prawn production, contributing significantly to nutrition and the economy.
Growth: Prawn production
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in India has seen a 17% annual growth rate, driven by domestic and export demand.
Demand: Prawns, especially black tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon), are in high demand due to their high protein and low fat content. Optimal salinity for prawn cultivation is 10-25 grams/litre.
Leading Producers: Andhra Pradesh is the largest prawn producer, followed by West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, and Gujarat.
Innovative Farming Practices: Farmers
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are adopting innovative practices like using smaller ponds to improve yields and reduce the risk of economic losses from pathogen outbreaks.
Disease Challenges: Bacterial infections (e.g., Vibrio harveyi) and viral outbreaks (e.g., white spot syndrome) can cause significant yield losses (up to 25% annually).
Disease Control Measures:
- Plastic nets to prevent crow-borne contamination.
- Probiotics (Bacillus bacteria) to outcompete harmful pathogens.
- ICAR-CIBA’s development of ‘specific pathogen free’ broodstock.
- Phage therapy using bacteriophages to target Vibrio bacteria.
Brackish Water Sourcing: Brackish groundwater is often blended with freshwater in coastal Andhra Pradesh. In other regions such as the Midnapore district of West Bengal, seawater is brought into the ponds during high tide.
Pond Management: Typical ponds are emptied and dried after 4-6 month cycles for preparation of the next harvest.

Rongali Bihu

April 16, 2025April 16, 2025 by rawan239

Celebration: Rongali Bihu (Bohag Bihu) will be celebrated from April 14th to 20th, marking the Assamese New Year.
Significance: It marks the start of the Assamese New Year according to the Hindu solar calendar, as well as the beginning of the harvesting/sowing season. It also signifies the onset of spring.
Harvest Festival: It is primarily a harvest festival where prayers are offered for a prosperous agricultural season.
“Rong” Meaning: The term “Rong” signifies joy, reflecting the festival’s spirit.
Bihu Dance: The Bihu dance is a vibrant part of the celebrations, accompanied by folk music
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and traditional instruments.
Other Bihus: Rongali Bihu is the most important of three Bihus, the other two being Kati Bihu (October, mid-crop) and Magh Bihu (January, end of harvest).
Timing Relevance: Celebrated in April (Bohag), it symbolizes the start of the sowing season.

Gendered Climate Risks

April 16, 2025April 16, 2025 by rawan239

Disproportionate Impact: Climate change intensifies existing gender inequalities, disproportionately affecting women, especially in rural and climate-vulnerable communities in India.
Beijing Report Gap: The Beijing India Report 2024 lacks a robust climate-gender lens, missing a critical intersection.
Increased Burden: Climate-induced water scarcity, extreme heat, and erratic rainfall increase women’s workload (water collection, caregiving), reduce agricultural productivity, and limit income-generating opportunities. Women spend 150 million workdays collecting water each year. Women’s unpaid workload could reach 8.3 hours/day by 2050.
Health Risks: Climate change exacerbates malnutrition, anemia (52.2% of pregnant women affected), maternal and neonatal health issues, and increases the risk of domestic violence (potential 23.5% rise by 2090).
Economic Vulnerability: Women are overrepresented in climate-sensitive sectors like agriculture, leading to job losses and financial insecurity. Climate change could push 16 million more women than men into poverty by 2050.
Migration and Displacement: Rural women are highly vulnerable to climate-induced migration, facing adverse health outcomes and increased risks of exploitation and gender-based violence.
Traditional Knowledge: Women possess valuable knowledge of sustainable agriculture and local resource management, crucial for food security and ecosystem preservation.
Women-Led Initiatives: Women are at the forefront of climate adaptation efforts, from sustainable farming to disaster response and community-based natural resource management.
Policy Recommendations: Mainstream gender in climate frameworks (NAPCC, SAPCC), prioritize climate-responsive budgeting, establish local support systems, promote skilling and livelihood diversification, and enhance women’s access to climate information.
Need
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to Integrate: Need for gender responsive National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), State Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC) and a percolation to the grass-root level needs to be ensured.
Private sector
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participation is important

Atmospheric River

April 16, 2025April 16, 2025 by rawan239

Atmospheric River (AR) Event: In April 2025, the US experienced heavy rain, strong winds, and thunderstorms due to an AR, highlighting the increasing attention on this phenomenon due to climate change.
Definition: ARs are “rivers in the sky,” narrow bands transporting large amounts of water vapor from tropical oceans to continental regions. The “Pineapple Express” is a notable example.
Characteristics: ARs can be up to 1,600 km long and 400-600 km wide, carrying water vapor equivalent to the Mississippi River’s flow, or up to 15 times more in stronger cases.
Categorization: ARs are categorized from Category 1 (weak, beneficial) to Category 5
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(exceptional, hazardous), based on their impact, with higher categories causing significant flooding and destruction.
Formation: ARs form from high evaporation over warm tropical oceans, guided by low-level jet streams toward mid-latitudes, condensing into rain or snow when forced upward by mountains or fronts.
Global Impact: ARs are most common in mid-latitudes and responsible for over 90% of poleward water vapor transport.
ARs and India: India experiences numerous
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AR events, mainly during the monsoon season, with ARs linked to major floods like those in Uttarakhand (2013) and Kerala (2018).
Climate Change Impact: Rising temperatures increase atmospheric moisture, intensifying ARs and leading to longer, wider, and more extreme events, doubling the frequency of intense ARs. Warmer air can hold about 7% more moisture for each 1°C increase
Hurricane-Like Conditions: ARs can cause hurricane-like conditions with intense rainfall, cyclone-force winds, and high waves.
Increased intensity: While frequency may not increase, the intensity of ARs is expected to rise, leading to more severe flooding worldwide.

Ambedkar

April 16, 2025April 16, 2025 by rawan239

Birth Anniversary: Celebrated on April 14th, marking the 135th birth anniversary of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
Key Figure: Principal architect of the Indian Constitution and a major advocate for social justice, known as the ‘Father of the Indian Constitution.’
Key Official Commemoration: A ceremony will be held at Prerna Sthal, Parliament House Lawns, on April 14th, 2025.
Dignitaries Involved: The President, Vice President, Prime Minister, and Lok Sabha Speaker are among those scheduled to pay floral tributes.
Public Access: The venue will be open to the public until noon.
Additional Services: Dr. Ambedkar Foundation will assist visitors and provide bus services to Dr. Ambedkar
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National Memorial (Mahaparinirvan Bhoomi).
First Law Minister: He served as the first Law and Justice Minister of independent India.
Dalit Rights Advocate: Fought against caste discrimination throughout his life and championed the rights of marginalized communities.
Educational and Political Contributions: Established organizations and movements like the Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha and Independent Labour Party.
Economic Impact: Influenced the establishment of the Reserve Bank of India. Advocated for labor reforms, including reducing factory hours and promoting minimum wages.

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India Backs Shipping Carbon Tax

April 16, 2025April 16, 2025 by rawan239

India’s Support: India, along with 62 other nations, voted in favor of the first global carbon tax on the shipping industry, as decided at the International Maritime Organisation (IMO).
Goal: Aims to cut greenhouse gas emissions from ships and promote cleaner technologies, taking effect in 2028.
Tax Framework: Ships over 5,000 gross tonnage must use cleaner fuels
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or pay a tax ($100-$380 per tonne of CO₂) based on emissions.
Revenue Generation: Expected to generate up to $40 billion by 2030 for reinvestment in maritime decarbonization.
Shipping’s Impact: The shipping industry contributes ~3% of global greenhouse gas emissions and wasn’t included in agreements like the Paris Agreement.
India’s Shipping Growth: India aims to be a top 5 shipbuilding nation by 2047 with its fleet growing to 1,530 ships by 2023, and is third in ship recycling. Major ports have increased cargo capacity.
Criticism: The deal has faced criticism for failing to address the climate finance needs of developing countries, revenue is allocated for only maritime sector decarbonization and also carbon pricing is expected to reduce shipping emissions by only 10% by 2030, far short of the IMO’s own target of at least 20%.
Opposition: Oil-rich nations
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like Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Russia, and Venezuela opposed the tax.

Ice VII

April 16, 2025April 16, 2025 by rawan239

First Direct Observation: Scientists have directly observed Plastic Ice VII for the first time, a unique water phase previously only theorized.
Hybrid Properties: Plastic Ice VII exhibits both solid and liquid characteristics. Water molecules are fixed in a cubic crystal lattice (solid-like) but can rotate freely (liquid-like).
Plasticity: The “plastic” refers to its ability to deform under pressure like a malleable substance, not to synthetic materials.
Discovery Method: The discovery was made using neutron beam technology at the Institut Laue-Langevin, subjecting water to extreme pressures (up to 60,000 bars) and temperatures (326°C).
Conditions for Formation: Requires extreme pressure (above 30,000 bars) and high temperature (above 177°C)
Significance: Plastic Ice VII is believed to exist deep within icy planets and moons (e.g., Neptune, Europa, Titan).
Difference from other ices: Unlike common ice (Ice Ih) with a hexagonal structure, and Ice VII with a dense cubic structure, Plastic Ice VII has mobile water molecules within a fixed lattice.
Implications: Understanding Plastic Ice VII is crucial for planetary science, impacting theories about water distribution and potential habitability on icy celestial bodies.

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Asian Hornet

April 16, 2025April 16, 2025 by rawan239

Asian Hornet Surge: Sightings have dramatically increased, with confirmed breeding and overwintering in the UK for the first time (DNA evidence).
Invasive Species: Vespa velutina, native to Southeast Asia, poses a severe threat to native pollinators,

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especially honeybees.
Identification: Black velvety thorax, yellow legs, orange-yellow abdominal band, ~25mm long.
Predatory Behavior: Kills bees mid-flight, decimating insect populations (one nest consumes ~90,000 bees per season).
Origin of European Population: Believed to originate from a single queen arriving in France (2004) via Chinese pottery shipment. Now present in 15 European nations.
Rapid Spread: Dry weather accelerates population growth.
Early Surge in Activity: Jersey reports a 1,090% increase in queen sightings compared to last year.
Ecological and Economic Impact: Significant damage in Europe; France faces €30.8 million in annual losses due to reduced honey production.
Prey on Numerous Species: Eats 1400+ different species, including crop pollinators.
Reporting Sightings: Public urged to report sightings via the Asian Hornet Watch app or UKCEH online tool. Early detection is vital.
Containment Efforts: National Bee Unit actively destroys nests. Without these efforts, hornets would be widespread across England and Wales.
Ongoing Challenge: New queens arrive from Europe, making eradication difficult.
Public Vigilance: Remains vital to prevent irreversible harm to UK pollinators and ecosystems.