India is facing a demographic shift, with southern states experiencing a sharp decline in fertility rates, leading to an increasingly ageing population. This trend, while a sign of development, poses challenges for these states, including a rising old-age dependency ratio, increased healthcare costs, and potential political disadvantages. While southern states have successfully contributed to the national economy, their shrinking populations threaten their representation in Parliament due to the upcoming delimitation exercise. While some politicians advocate for pro-natalist policies to increase fertility rates, experts argue that these are unlikely to be effective and instead recommend focusing on improving work-family policies, gender equity, and extending the working lifespan. The article highlights the complex interplay between demographic changes, economic development, and political representation, posing significant challenges for India’s future.