Jan-2025

India-Taliban Relations

• High-Level Talks: India’s Foreign Secretary met with Afghanistan’s acting Foreign Minister in Dubai, marking India’s highest-level engagement with the Taliban for national and security interests.

• Expanding Aid and Cooperation: India will increase development projects alongside humanitarian aid (wheat, medicine, vaccines). Cooperation will grow, particularly in cricket.

• Chabahar Port Importance: Both sides agree to boost the use of Chabahar Port for trade, commerce, and humanitarian aid delivery to Afghanistan.

• Security Assurances: The Taliban recognized India’s security concerns and pledged continued contact at various levels.

• Changing Global Dynamics:

  • Taliban-Pakistan Tension: Strained relations between the Taliban and Pakistan prompted India’s engagement to protect its interests.
  • Iran’s Focus Shift: Iran is preoccupied with the Israel conflict, leaving a gap in dealing with the Taliban.
  • Russia’s Alignment: Russia sees the Taliban as an ally against ISIS.
  • China’s Influence: China’s economic interest in Afghanistan through the Belt and Road Initiative worries India and India trying to prevent China’s dominance in Afghanistan.
  • US Re-engagement: Anticipating potential US re-engagement, India wants to ensure its interests remain central.

• Security Concerns (India): India wants the Taliban to control anti-India elements (LeT, JeM, ISKP).

• Development Benefits: Taliban officials valued India’s $3 billion projects and want continued investment.

• Afghanistan’s Strategic Importance:

  • Central Asia Access: Afghanistan provides a route to Central Asian resources via Chabahar.
  • Countering Pakistan: India strengthens its regional position.
  • Counter-Terrorism: India asserts its leadership against terrorism.
  • Mutual Benefits: Continued projects benefit both Afghan people and India.

• Challenges:

  • Terrorism: Extremist groups in Afghanistan pose a threat to India.
  • Pakistan’s Role: Pakistan sees India’s presence as a threat.
  • Diplomatic Recognition: India hasn’t officially recognized the Taliban.
  • Refugee Crisis: Afghan refugees strain resources.

• Way Forward: Focused small projects, support for civil society, SAARC for trade, narrative building on people’s concerns and student visas.

IOM: The Basics

• Established in 1951: IOM is a leading intergovernmental organization for migration.

  • Why: Highlights its long history and established role.

• Part of the UN system: IOM is a related organization of the United Nations.

  • Why: Shows its close ties with the UN.

• Mandate: IOM promotes humane and orderly migration benefiting migrants and society.

  • Why: Outlines IOM’s core principle and mission.

• Key functions: Manages migration, promotes international cooperation, finds migration solutions, and provides humanitarian assistance.

  • Why: Explains IOM’s main activities and areas of focus.

• Focus on Labour Mobility: UN agency in charge of labour mobility and migration in general.

  • Why: Explain IOM responsibility in labour mobility, diaspora and migrant integration.

• Coordinator for the UN Network on Migration: IOM plays a central coordinating role within the UN system.

  • Why: Highlights its leadership in migration-related efforts.

• Supported the UN Global Compact for Migration: IOM supported the agreement for international migration adopted in 2018.

  • Why: Emphasizes IOM’s involvement in shaping global migration policy.

• Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland.

  • Why: Provides location information.

• Membership: 175 member states and 8 observer states.

  • Why: Shows its widespread international presence.

• UN Global Compact for Migration: A non-legally binding agreement for international migration under the UN.

  • Why: First inter governmentally negotiated agreement to cover all dimensions of international migration in a holistic and comprehensive manner.

PBD: Connecting Diaspora

• What: Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD), a biennial event celebrating the Indian diaspora’s contributions to India.

• Why in News: The 18th PBD Convention will be organized by Odisha from January 8th to 10th, 2025, themed “Diaspora’s Contribution to a Viksit Bharat” (Developed India).

• Historical Significance: Commemorates Mahatma Gandhi’s return to India from South Africa in 1915.

• Objectives: Acknowledging diaspora contributions, fostering understanding of India abroad, supporting Indian causes, and providing a platform for engagement.

• PBD Convention: Established in 2003. The 2025 convention will focus on diaspora’s role in India’s development.

• Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award (PBSA): Highest honor for NRIs, PIOs, or diaspora-run organizations for their contributions.

• Diaspora Defined: NRIs (resident abroad), PIOs (foreign citizens with Indian heritage, category abolished in 2015), and OCIs (eligible for Indian citizenship on Jan 26, 1950).

• Diaspora’s Contribution to Viksit Bharat: Economic empowerment, promoting global trade, supporting innovation, tackling global challenges (climate change), and enhancing cultural linkages.

• Challenges Faced by Diaspora: Identity issues, integration difficulties, politicization, religious bias, legal and citizenship concerns, and remittance challenges.

• Way Forward: Legal protection, stronger consular support, social integration, economic engagement, and skill development/knowledge transfer.

• Vision 2047: Involves structured diaspora engagement, especially the youth, to achieve a developed India by 2047.

Polar Vortex Explained

• What it is: A large, rotating area of low pressure and cold air around Earth’s poles.
• Location: Extends high into the atmosphere, from the tropopause through the stratosphere and into the mesosphere.
• Seasonal Changes: Always present, weakens in summer, strengthens in winter.
• The “Vortex” Effect: Refers to the counter-clockwise air flow that keeps cold air near the poles.
• Winter Expansion: In the Northern Hemisphere, the polar vortex expands during winter.
• Cold Air Outbreaks: Expansion sends cold Arctic air southward via the jet stream.
• Jet Streams: Strong, upper-level winds that carry the cold air.
• Geographic Impact: Affects the United States, Europe, and Asia.
• Primary Danger: The extreme cold temperatures resulting from the southward surge of Arctic air.
• Southern Hemisphere: Antarctic polar-front jet stream is more stable. Cold air outbreaks are less frequent and less impactful on populated areas.
• Stratosphere Defined: The layer of Earth’s atmosphere above the troposphere, containing ozone that absorbs UV radiation and causes temperatures to rise with altitude.

Nimesulide: An NSAID

• Nimesulide is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used for pain and inflammation relief.

• It works by reducing inflammation-causing chemicals in the body, prescribed for fever, menstrual cramps, osteoarthritis, and similar conditions.

• Nimesulide is primarily used in veterinary medicine for animals like cattle, pigs, and horses.

• Nimesulide is found to be toxic to vultures’ kidneys, leading to visceral gout and population decline. This poses a significant threat to vulture conservation.

• Due to safety concerns, Nimesulide is banned for pediatric use in several countries and is not suitable for humans as well.

• Banned under section 26A of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940

Anji Khad Bridge

• India’s First Cable-Stayed Rail Bridge: The Anji Khad Bridge in Reasi district, Jammu and Kashmir, marks a significant achievement as India’s first cable-stayed railway bridge.
• Part of USBRL Project: It’s a vital component of the Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL) project, aimed at improving connectivity to the Kashmir Valley.
• Connects Katra and Reasi: The bridge directly links Katra and Reasi, easing transportation challenges in the region.
• Overcomes Himalayan Challenges: Constructed in difficult Himalayan terrain, it addresses complex geological conditions, including seismic activity.
• Collaboration with IITs: Indian Railways collaborated with IIT Roorkee and IIT Delhi for site-specific studies, ensuring stability and safety.
• Asymmetrical Design: The bridge is an asymmetrical cable-stayed structure balanced by a central pylon, a unique design element.
• Impressive Dimensions: Spanning 725.5 meters, it features a 193-meter-tall pylon rising 331 meters above the riverbed.
• High Wind Resistance: Engineered to withstand wind speeds up to 213 km/h.
• Operational Speed: Designed to safely support train operations at speeds of 100 km/h.
• Key Sections: Composed of approach viaducts, approach bridge, cable-stayed segment and central embankment.

Genome India

• Genome India Project (GIP) Progress: Successfully sequenced genomes of 10,074 individuals from 99 ethnic groups.
• Goal: To map the genetic diversity of India’s population, create a reference genome, and establish a biobank.
• Key Achievement: Creation of a genetic database, securely stored at the Indian Biological Data Centre (IBDC) in Faridabad, Haryana. It will be available to researchers worldwide.
• Funding: Supported and funded by the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India.
• Phase 1 Analysis: Uncovered rare, unique genetic variations within Indian populations after detailed quality checks and joint genotyping of 5,750 samples.
• Significance: Potential to advance treatment of genetic and infectious diseases through precision medicine. Findings revealed unique genetic variations, some with clinical relevance.
• Genetic Screening Connection: The genetic data aids in identifying individuals at higher risk of specific disorders, a practice known as genetic screening.
• Aims To create an exhaustive catalog of genetic variations, create a reference haplotype structure for Indians, design genome-wide arrays for research and diagnostics at an affordable cost.

Oceanic Mycota

• Marine Fungi’s Significance: Marine fungi, making up 5% of ocean biomass, are vital for ocean ecosystems, inhabiting diverse environments. This highlights their substantial contribution to the marine food web and overall ecosystem health.

• Roles of Marine Fungi: They are essential for decomposition, symbiosis, and producing bioactive compounds. This emphasizes their multifaceted roles in marine environments beyond just decomposition.

• Types of Marine Fungi: Two types, Obligate (exclusively marine) and Facultative (adapted from terrestrial), exist. Understanding these categories provides insights into their evolutionary origins and adaptations.

• Survival Adaptations: Marine fungi employ strategies to survive feast-famine cycles, like changing cell forms. An example being Paradendryphiella salina digesting seaweed using bacteria-derived enzymes. This exemplifies their remarkable adaptive capabilities in challenging marine conditions.

• Ecological Importance: Marine fungi are critical for nutrient cycling and ecosystem stability. Lichens, symbiotic relationships between fungi and algae, also support marine ecosystems. These functions directly impact the health and productivity of marine environments.

• Fungi Characteristics: They are heterotrophic eukaryotes that function as saprophytes or parasites, reproducing via spores. This information classifies them within the biological world and describes their nutritional strategies.

• Dual Nature of Fungi: While beneficial in medicine, food, and industry, they can also cause diseases and produce mycotoxins. This acknowledges the potential risks associated with fungi, necessitating further research and management.

Gaddi Dog: Himalayan Guardian

• Indigenous Breed Recognition: The Gaddi Dog, used by Gaddi shepherds in the Himalayas, has gained official recognition as an indigenous canine breed. This follows recognition for the Rajapalayam, Chippiparai, and Mudhol Hound.

• Guardian of Flocks: Gaddi Dogs traditionally guard sheep and goat flocks from predators in the Himalayan region.

• “Indian Panther Hound”: They are also known as the “Indian Panther Hound” or “Indian Leopard Hound” due to their ability to fight off carnivores like snow leopards.

• Appearance: Primarily black with occasional white markings. A key feature is their large, arched neck providing protection. They are medium-sized with a muscular build.

• Benefits of Recognition: Recognition helps maintain the purity of the breed, which is well-suited to the Himalayan environment.

• ICAR’s Role: The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) plays a crucial role in this recognition by coordinating and managing research on animals and agriculture in the country.

India-Maldives Defence Ties

• Commitment to Enhanced Defence Capabilities: India is committed to bolstering the Maldives’ defence by providing equipment and platforms, reflecting India’s “Neighborhood First” policy.

• Historical Defence Partnership: India has historically been a crucial defence partner, exemplified by Operation Cactus (1988) and assistance during the 2004 tsunami, underlining its role as a first responder.

• Defence Infrastructure Projects: India supports projects like the Composite Training Centre (CTC), the Coast Guard “Ektha” MNDF Harbour, and has provided a coastal radar system (10 stations with USD 15.8 million grant).

• Training and Capacity Building: India caters to around 70% of the Maldives National Defence Force (MNDF) training needs, training over 1,500 personnel. Bilateral (Ekuverin, Ekatha) and trilateral (Dosti) exercises enhance interoperability.

• Strategic Location: The Maldives’ location in the Indian Ocean, near key shipping lanes, is critical for regional security, monitoring maritime traffic, and is significant for India as 50% trade and 80% energy import transits through these routes.

  Subscribe on YouTube

• Countering External Influence: Defence cooperation aims to counterbalance China’s growing influence (BRI, “String of Pearls”) and maintain India’s regional leadership.

• Geopolitical Rivalries: China’s growing presence, including investments like the Sinamale Bridge, challenges India’s strategic dominance.

• Internal Political Changes: The “India Out” campaign reflects anti-Indian sentiments, impacting defence priorities and foreign policy alignment.

• Security Threats: The rise of radical Islamist groups in the Maldives poses a security threat to India.

• Multilateral Collaboration: Encouraging Maldives’ participation in IORA and strengthening trilateral cooperation with Sri Lanka are important.

• Infrastructure Projects: Expediting projects like the Great Male Connectivity Project offers alternatives to Chinese investments.

• People-Centric Initiatives: Focusing on civil-military projects, cultural exchanges, and educational programs to strengthen public diplomacy.

NPOP 8th Edition

• 8th Edition of NPOP Launched: Highlights India’s organic farming potential with a goal to reach Rs 20,000 crore in exports in three years.
• NPOP Focus: Accreditation, organic production standards, and promotion of organic farming to boost India’s global competitiveness.
• Recognition for Grower Groups: Simplified certification, granting legal status to grower groups, replacing Internal Control System (ICS).
• Technological Advancements: NPOP Portal, Organic Promotion Portal (connects farmers with global buyers), TraceNet 2.0 (farm-to-market compliance), AgriXchange Portal (data analysis).
• Organic Farming Status: India ranks 2nd in the world in terms of organic agricultural land and has the largest number of organic producers, with 2.3 million farmers.
• Top Organic States: Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Rajasthan account for 76% of India’s organically cultivated area.
• Key Organic Products: Flax seeds, sesame, soybeans, tea, medicinal plants, rice, and pulses.
• Unified India Organic Logo: Launched by FSSAI and APEDA to standardize organic regulations under NPOP.
• Challenges: High certification costs, lack of infrastructure, limited awareness, low productivity, market access issues, trade barriers, climate and pest challenges, lack of R&D.
• Way Forward: Strengthen certification, promote market linkages via FPOs and e-commerce, invest in R&D, increase consumer awareness, and provide policy support (risk mitigation, tax incentives).

Vortex Chill

• News: A severe winter storm impacted over 60 million people across 30 US states. This is attributed to the southward expansion of the polar vortex.

• Why: The polar vortex’s expansion caused frigid temperatures and severe storms in the US.

• What is the Polar Vortex: A large area of low-pressure and cold air that rotates around the Earth’s polar regions, containing colder air near the poles. It exists year-round, weakening in summer and strengthening in winter.

• Types: Tropospheric (lower atmosphere) and Stratospheric (upper atmosphere, strongest in autumn).

• Mechanism of Extreme Cold: A strong polar vortex keeps the jet stream stable, confining cold air. When the vortex weakens, the jet stream becomes wavy, allowing Arctic air to flow south, causing extreme cold, storms, snowfall, and freezing rain.

• Global Warming Connection: Arctic amplification (Arctic warming faster than the rest of the planet) reduces the temperature gradient between the poles and mid-latitudes, weakening the polar vortex.

Kilauea Erupts

• Kilauea Erupts Again: Hawaii’s Kilauea Volcano, a very active volcano, has started erupting. This is significant because Kilauea is known for frequent eruptions.

• Location: Situated in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park on Hawaii Island, USA. Its location makes it a point of interest and potential hazard for the surrounding environment and population.

• Active History: Kilauea is the youngest and most active Hawaiian Shield Volcano, having erupted more than 30 times since 1952, highlighting its consistent volcanic activity.

• Proximity to Mauna Loa: Kilauea’s slopes merge with Mauna Loa, another active volcano. This proximity raises concerns about potential interactions between the two volcanoes and combined hazards.

• Volcano Definition: A volcano is an opening allowing warmer material to escape from a planet’s interior. Understanding this definition is important for comprehending the nature of volcanic activity.

• Barren Island (India): India has only active volcano.

Ebola Explained

• What is Ebola?: A severe, often deadly disease caused by orthoebolaviruses (formerly ebolavirus). Discovered in 1976 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

• Origin: Named after the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Primarily found in sub-Saharan Africa. Affects humans and other primates.

• Transmission: Thought to originate in fruit bats. Spreads to humans through contact with infected animals’ fluids (bats, chimpanzees, gorillas, etc.). Human-to-human transmission occurs through direct contact with the bodily fluids of infected individuals.

• Symptoms: Appear 2-21 days post-infection. Include fever, diarrhea, vomiting, bleeding, and potentially death. High fatality rate, averaging around 50%.

• Treatment: No known cure. Experimental treatments (monoclonal antibodies like Inmazeb and Ebanga for the Zaire strain) exist, but haven’t been fully tested for efficacy and safety. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, maintaining fluid/electrolyte balance, and controlling bleeding. Recovery depends on viral load, early treatment, patient’s age, and immune response.

• What is a Virus?: Microscopic organisms with genetic material (DNA or RNA) inside a protective shell (capsid). Some have an envelope. Require a host to reproduce.

Henley Passport Index ’25

• Singapore Leads Again: Singapore retains the top spot in the Henley Passport Index 2025, offering visa-free access to 195 destinations. This highlights Singapore’s strong diplomatic relations and global standing.

• EU Nations Compete: France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Finland, and South Korea share 3rd place (192 destinations), showcasing the consistent travel freedom enjoyed by EU citizens and key Asian economies. The drop of two places indicates a shift in global mobility dynamics compared to previous years.

• Indian Passport: Indian passport holders can access 57 destinations visa-free, sharing the rank with Equatorial Guinea and Niger. This reflects India’s current standing in terms of visa agreements and international relations.

• Top 5 Dominated by Europe: European countries heavily populate the top five positions, demonstrating the strength of EU passports and their citizens’ ease of travel. The UK’s presence within the top 5, alongside New Zealand as the only non-European nation, further illustrates this trend.

• Henley Passport Index Data Source: The index relies on data from the International Air Transport Association (IATA) for accuracy. IATA’s comprehensive travel information database makes the index a reliable measure of passport power.

Z-Morh Tunnel

• Z-Morh Tunnel Location: Situated on the Srinagar-Leh Highway in Jammu and Kashmir, between Gagangir and Sonamarg.
• Purpose: Provides all-weather road connectivity to Sonamarg, which is typically cut off during winter due to heavy snowfall and avalanches.
• Key Specs: 6.5 km long, 2-lane road tunnel with a parallel 6.426 km escape tunnel and a 0.6 km ventilation tunnel. Designed for 1,000 vehicles/hour at 80 km/hour, with no toll. Intelligent Traffic Management System installed.
• Strategic Importance: Ensures year-round access to Ladakh for civilian and military purposes. Enhances military capabilities along the Line of Control (LOC) and Line of Actual Control (LAC).
• Zojila Tunnel Link: Complements the under-construction 14.15 km Zojila Tunnel, which will connect Sonamarg and Drass. Together, they aim to establish all-weather connectivity between Srinagar, Sonamarg, Kargil, and Ladakh.

Miyawaki Method

• Miyawaki Technique Explained: A rapid afforestation method developed by Japanese botanist Akira Miyawaki, creating dense, native forests in small areas. Sometimes called the “pot plantation method.”

• Accelerated Growth: Plants grow up to 10 times faster compared to traditional methods, making it suitable for urban environments.

• Mimics Natural Forests: Involves densely planting a variety of native tree and shrub species.

• Advantages: Improves soil quality, biodiversity, and speeds up forest development. Trees absorb more carbon.

• Urban Applications: Transforms polluted and barren areas into green spaces, addressing issues like industrial waste, dust, odors, and pollution.

• Environmental Restoration: Helps prevent soil erosion and promotes overall ecological balance.

• Ecology Defined: The study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment, emphasizing connections between plants, animals, and their surroundings.

Anthem Debate

• TN Governor’s Walkout: The Governor of Tamil Nadu exited the Legislative Assembly due to the National Anthem not being played before his address, sparking a debate over ceremonial practices.

• Varied State Practices: States have different conventions for playing the National Anthem during legislative sessions. Nagaland introduced it in 2021; Tripura in 2018.

  Join Our Telegram Channel

• Tamil Nadu’s Protocol: Tamil Nadu plays the State Anthem (Tamil Thai Vazhthu) before the Governor’s address and the National Anthem at the end, a practice started in 1991.

• Constitutional Duty: Article 51A(a) of the Constitution mandates respect for the National Anthem.

• PINH Act, 1971: The Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act penalizes disrespect to the Anthem with imprisonment (up to 3 years) or a fine, or both.

• Electoral Disqualification: Conviction under the PINH Act for offenses like preventing the Anthem disqualifies a person from contesting elections for 6 years.

• MHA Guidelines: The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) mandates playing the full National Anthem during specific events like investitures, parades, and arrival/departure of high-ranking officials.

NCAP’s India Impact

• Overall PM Reduction: India achieved a 26.84% reduction in nationwide Particulate Matter (PM) levels from 2019-2024. Why: Shows progress of national efforts in improving air quality.

• NCAP City Improvement: Cities under the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) demonstrated a 24.45% reduction in PM levels. Why: Highlights the impact of targeted interventions under NCAP.

• Top Performing Cities: Varanasi, Moradabad, and Kanpur saw the most significant pollution reductions. Why: Recognizes successful strategies that can be replicated.

• Major City Improvements: Kolkata showed a notable 21.5% reduction due to stricter regulations and better transport. Why: Illustrates the effectiveness of specific policies in large urban areas.

• Southern and Western City Progress: Bengaluru and Chennai steadily reduced pollution. Why: Demonstrates consistent efforts in maintaining and improving air quality in these regions.

• Persistent Pollution Hotspots: Delhi and Byrnihat remain highly polluted, requiring further action. Why: Identifies areas where current measures are insufficient and need reinforcement.

• Problematic NCR Cities: Gurugram, Faridabad, and Ghaziabad need urgent interventions. Why: Focuses attention on specific areas with critical pollution levels.

• Pollution Sources: Industrial emissions, vehicular pollution, and stubble burning are major contributors, especially in northern India. Why: Pinpoints key areas for targeted mitigation strategies.

• NCAP Goals: The NCAP aims for a 40% reduction in PM10 levels (or meeting national standards) by 2025-26, using 2017 as the baseline. Why: States the revised targets and timeline for achieving cleaner air in India.

Indonesia in BRICS

• Indonesia Joins BRICS: Indonesia will officially become the 10th member of the BRICS group in January 2025.
• BRICS Expansion: The BRICS group, originally Brazil, Russia, India, and China, has expanded to include South Africa, Iran, UAE, Egypt, and Ethiopia. Saudi Arabia’s membership is pending.
• Economic Significance: Prior to Indonesia joining, BRICS represented 35% of global GDP and 46% of the world’s population, highlighting its considerable economic influence.
• Counterbalance to G7: BRICS seeks to challenge the dominance of Western-led global financial systems, such as the G7, by amplifying the voice and influence of emerging economies.
• Future Goals: Key agendas include reducing dependence on the US dollar in international trade, promoting the use of local currencies, and advocating for reforms in global institutions like the IMF and UN to foster greater equity and inclusivity.

DPDP Rules, 2025 Draft

• Draft DPDP Rules, 2025 Released: The Ministry of Electronics & IT has issued draft Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Rules, 2025, to enforce the DPDP Act, 2023. The aim is to protect digital personal data while encouraging digital economy growth and innovation in India.

• Data Transfer: The rules permit government-approved transfer of specific personal data outside India.

• Citizen Empowerment: Citizens gain rights to data erasure, digital nominee appointment, and user-friendly data management tools provided by Data Fiduciaries.

• Data Retention: Data retention is permitted for up to three years after the user’s last interaction or the rules’ effective date. The Data Fiduciary must inform the user at least 48 hours before data erasure.

• Digital-First DPBI: The rules establish a “digital by design” Data Protection Board of India (DPBI) for consent and grievance redressal, enabling swift online resolution.

• Graded Responsibilities: Compliance burdens are scaled based on entity size, with startups and MSMEs facing lower requirements and Significant Data Fiduciaries bearing higher obligations.

• Consent Managers: Consent can be collected through Consent Managers, which are companies incorporated in India with a minimum net worth of two crore rupees that handle user consent for data privacy and digital interactions.

• DPBI Powers: The draft rules outline a framework for the DPBI, granting it civil court powers to address personal data breach complaints.

UDISE+ 2023-24 Data

• Significant Enrollment Decline: The UDISE+ Report 2023-24 reveals a notable drop in India’s overall school enrollment, decreasing by 1.55 crore students from the 2018-2022 average to 24.8 crore in 2023-24. This is newsworthy due to its potential implications for the education sector and future workforce.
• Drop in Both Government and Private Schools: Both government (5.59% decline) and private schools (3.67% decline) experienced a decrease in enrollment. This suggests that factors affecting enrollment are not limited to one type of institution and the reason is important to investigate.
• Gender-Wise Decline: Enrollment decreased for both boys (6.04%) and girls (5.76%), highlighting a broad trend rather than a gender-specific issue and requires a reason analysis.
• State-Wise Disparities: The largest enrollment declines were observed in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Maharashtra. This points to regional challenges that need targeted intervention and demands attention.
• Level-Wise Impact: The decline is present across primary, upper primary, and secondary levels. This indicates a systemic issue affecting multiple stages of education and is concerning.
• Improved Data Accuracy: Enhanced data accuracy, due to Aadhaar-linked student records, likely contributed to the reported decline by removing duplicate entries. This signifies a positive step towards reliable data, though it also raises questions about previous enrollment figures and the reasons behind the duplicates.
• UDISE+ Importance: As one of the largest Management Information Systems for education in India, UDISE+ data informs policy decisions and resource allocation. The enrollment decline warrants careful analysis and strategic responses at the national level.

ISRO’s New Chief: Narayanan

• New ISRO Chairman: Dr. V. Narayanan will take over as ISRO Chairman and Secretary of the Department of Space (DoS) on January 14th, 2025, for a two-year term.
• Succession: He succeeds S. Somanath.
• Key Missions Overseen: Narayanan will oversee significant missions like the NVS-02 launch, the unmanned Gaganyaan mission (with Vyommitra), and the Indo-US NISAR satellite launch (March 2025).
• S. Somanath’s Achievements: Somanath led successful missions like Chandrayaan-3, Aditya-L1, XpoSat and INSAT. He also spearheaded important projects such as the SSLV, RLV-LEX and Gaganyaan abort missions.
• DoS Initiatives by Somanath: As Secretary of DoS, Somanath initiated the National Space Policy 2023, IN-SPACe, and promoted collaboration between ISRO and private space ventures.
• ISRO’s History: ISRO was formed on August 15th, 1969, succeeding INCOSPAR. The DoS was established in 1972, bringing ISRO under its control.
• Location: ISRO headquarters and the Secretariat of DOS are located in Bangalore.

Info Commissioner Delays

• Supreme Court Criticism: The Supreme Court has strongly criticized the Centre and States for chronic delays in appointing Information Commissioners (ICs) under the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005.
• Undermines Right to Information: Delays obstruct citizens’ ability to exercise their right to information, leading to thousands of pending cases. This undermines the RTI Act’s core purpose of transparency and accountability.
• Vacancies and Pending Cases: The Central Information Commission (CIC) has 8 IC vacancies and 23,000 pending appeals (as of 2024). Some State Information Commissions are defunct or have stopped accepting RTI petitions.
• Dissatisfaction with Responses: Poor responses from Public Information Officers (PIOs) often lead citizens to file appeals.
• Subordinate Rules: Inconsistent state-level implementation of the RTI Act, due to varying rules, such as a lack of online portals.
• Lack of Transparency in Appointments: Predominantly appointing former bureaucrats as ICs raises impartiality concerns. Supreme Court wants diverse backgrounds represented.
• Personal Data Disclosure: Conflict between the RTI Act (allowing disclosure in public interest) and the DPDP Act, 2023 (complete ban), shielding officials from accountability.
• Unilateral Amendments: The RTI (Amendment) Act, 2019, granting the central government sole authority over ICs’ tenure and salaries compromises their autonomy.
• RTI Act, 2005 Key Facts:
  • Empowers citizens to access information from public authorities.
  • Promotes transparency, accountability, and good governance.
  • Allows disclosure of information when the public interest outweighs confidentiality (Section 8(2)).
  • Takes precedence over inconsistencies with other laws (Section 22).
• Exemptions: The Official Secrets Act (OSA), 1923, and other laws allow officials to restrict information.
• Way Forward:
  • Expedite appointments to fill vacancies.
  • Broaden selection criteria for ICs.
  • Include PPPs, sports bodies, and cooperatives under the RTI Act for greater transparency.
  • Encourage all states to adopt a unified, NIC-designed RTI portal.

Karnataka HC Quashes Power Rules

• Karnataka HC Strikes Down Electricity Rules, 2022: The Karnataka High Court invalidated the Central Government’s Electricity (Promoting Renewable Energy Through Green Energy Open Access) Rules, 2022 (GEOA Rules, 2022) and Karnataka’s corresponding regulations.
• Reason: The court found that the central government lacked the authority to frame such rules under the Electricity Act, 2003, as these powers are delegated to State Electricity Regulatory Commissions.
• Petitioners’ Argument: Hydroelectric companies argued that GEOA Rules, 2022 infringed on the state commission’s powers to frame rules under the Electricity Act, 2003.
• Central Government’s Defence: The Central Government cited its powers to meet international treaty obligations under COP26 Commitments at the Glasgow Summit 2021.
• GEOA Rules, 2022 Aim: These rules aimed to promote renewable energy by ensuring access to affordable and sustainable energy through open access.
• Key Features of GEOA Rules: Included promoting green energy (including Waste-to-Energy), lowering open access transaction limits, consumer rights to demand green power, uniform Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO), and green certificates.
• Implications: The ruling highlights the balance between central policies and state autonomy in India’s energy sector governance.
• Importance of Electricity Act, 2003: The judgment emphasizes the need for adherence to the Electricity Act, 2003, which ensures regulatory powers remain with State Electricity Regulatory Commissions.

Her Biz Power

• EmpowHER Biz Initiative Launched: Aims to empower aspiring women entrepreneurs in retail through mentorship and training.
• Comprehensive Training: Covers retail management, digital tools, financial literacy, and business development.
• Collaboration with New Shop: Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) partners with New Shop to build a supportive retail ecosystem.
• Target Participants: Fifty women aged 18-35 will be selected from Delhi NCR, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat via online application.
• Franchise Fee Waiver: Top twenty participants receive a 100% waiver on New Shop franchise fees, lowering barriers to business ownership.
• WEP’s Role: WEP, incubated in NITI Aayog, acts as an aggregator platform providing support across finance, market access, training, mentoring, and compliance.
• Public-Private Partnership: WEP transitioned into a public-private partnership in 2022, fostering collaboration with over 30 partners.
• “Award to Reward” Initiative: Under WEP, this provides a framework for stakeholders to create impactful programs since 2023.
• NITI Aayog’s Purpose: India’s policy think tank established in 2015, focusing on inclusive development and sustainable growth.

Jobs 2025

• Published by WEF: The World Economic Forum’s “Future of Jobs Report 2025” analyzes data from over 1,000 global companies, representing 14 million workers across 22 industries and 55 economies.

• Job Disruption is significant: Expect 22% job disruption by 2030. While 170 million new jobs will emerge, 92 million will be displaced, resulting in a net gain of 78 million jobs.

• Key Drivers of Change: Technological advancements (especially AI), geoeconomic shifts, economic instability, demographic changes, and the green transition are major forces reshaping the labor market.

• Fastest Growing Jobs: AI/ML specialists, software developers, and FinTech engineers will see rapid growth. Frontline roles (farmworkers, drivers, construction, sales, care economy) will grow in absolute volume.

• Declining Roles: Graphic designers and administrative assistants face potential decline due to automation.

• Skills Gap is the problem: The skills gap is the biggest hurdle for business transformation. Nearly 40% of future job skills will be new or evolving.

• Reskilling/Upskilling Imperative: 59% of the global workforce needs reskilling/upskilling by 2030 to stay competitive.

• Top Skills: AI/Big Data, networks/cybersecurity, technological literacy, creativity, and resilience/flexibility/agility are the fastest-growing skills.

• Automation and Workforce Reduction: Companies are increasingly using AI to automate tasks. 41% of companies anticipate workforce reductions due to automation.

AnemiaPhone Explained

• AnemiaPhone: A rapid, affordable iron deficiency test. Developed by Cornell University and transferred to ICMR for integration into Indian health programs.
• Addresses widespread anemia: Iron deficiency is a major cause of anemia, affecting a significant portion of pregnant women in India.
• Simple and accessible: Uses a finger prick, test strip (like a COVID-19 test), and mobile phone connectivity.
• Point-of-care diagnosis: Enables healthcare workers to quickly assess, triage, and treat iron deficiency on-site.
• Importance: Anemia is a condition characterized by low levels of red blood cells, leading to fatigue and other symptoms, and can be life-threatening.
• Significance: Allows for timely intervention and management of iron deficiency, particularly beneficial for women’s and children’s health programs in India.

Gravitational Lensing: Explained

• Gravitational Lensing: Light from a distant source bends, distorts, and magnifies as it passes a massive object due to the curvature of spacetime. This curvature is caused by the mass of the intervening object.

• Einstein’s Prediction: Albert Einstein predicted this effect in 1915 in his general theory of relativity. The theory states that mass curves spacetime, thus affecting the path of light.

  Subscribe on YouTube

• Observable Effects: Gravitational lensing can cause a background object to appear shifted, multiplied into multiple images (sometimes in rings or crosses), and/or amplified in brightness.

• Cosmic Magnifying Glass: Galaxy clusters act as natural “cosmic magnifying glasses,” amplifying light from distant, faint objects, including early galaxies.

• Tool for Early Universe Study: Astronomers use gravitational lensing to study the early universe, making galaxies that would otherwise be too faint visible to telescopes like the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Hubble.

• James Webb Space Telescope: The JWST, launched in December 2021, is the largest and most powerful space telescope, designed to observe the universe primarily in the infrared spectrum to further study and observe gravitational lensing.

AEWs and Climate Change

• News: A study in Communications Earth & Environment forecasts climate change will worsen extreme flooding in the Sahel due to changes in African easterly waves (AEWs).

• Increased AEW Activity: The study predicts more AEWs over the Sahel-Sahara by the late 21st century.

• Driving Factor: Intensification is due to greater baroclinicity caused by a stronger temperature difference between the Guinea Coast and the Sahara.

• Enhanced Monsoon Flow: Warming at lower levels strengthens monsoon flow, increasing air convergence and vertical motion along the intertropical discontinuity (ITD), which changes AEW formation.

• Saharan Dust: Strong winds from AEWs can transport Saharan dust, which impacts tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic.

• Connection to MCSs: AEWs are linked to Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that cause extreme rainfall; increased AEW activity may lead to more frequent and intense Sahel flooding.

• AEW Definition: AEWs are weather systems forming over northern Africa in summer, moving west towards the Atlantic.

• AEW Significance: AEWs bring vital rain to drought-prone areas, transport Saharan dust, and can develop into Atlantic hurricanes.

• AEW Influence: AEWs significantly impact the Sahel’s hydroclimate, making understanding their behavior under global warming crucial.

Energy for People + Planet

• GEAPP’s Mission: Accelerates clean energy transition in emerging/developing economies, promoting universal energy access and economic growth while supporting global climate goals. Aims to cut 4 gigatons of carbon emissions, provide clean energy access to 1 billion people, and create 150 million jobs.

• ISA Partnership: GEAPP strengthens its partnership with the International Solar Alliance (ISA) by signing ISA’s Multi-Donor Trust Fund. GEAPP will support ISA by providing governance oversight, facilitating fundraising efforts, and leveraging its expertise in energy transition planning, financing, and project implementation to mobilize $100 million to fund high-impact solar energy projects.

  Join Our Telegram Channel

• DUET Program: GEAPP’s “Digitalization of Utilities for Energy Transition” (DUET) program focuses on digitalizing grid systems by digitally capturing all grid assets and integrating them with smart sensors for real-time data analysis. This aims to reduce transmission and distribution losses through load flow analysis and real-time tracking of voltage, current, and phase data.

• ENTICE 2.0: The “Energy Transitions Innovation Challenge” (ENTICE) 2.0 will begin in January 2025 to identify, nurture, and scale innovative solutions for India’s energy transition. Building on the first edition, it will focus on supporting and scaling investable opportunities through funding, market linkages, and mentorship.

ITBP

• Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP): A Central Armed Police Force of India.
• Role: Guards the 3,488 km long India-China border.
• Establishment: Raised in 1962 after the Sino-Indian War.
• Initial Legal Basis: Initially raised under the CRPF Act.
• ITBPF Act: Parliament enacted the ITBPF Act in 1992, with rules framed in 1994, providing a dedicated legal framework.
• Full-fledged CAPF: Declared a full-fledged central armed police force in 2004.
• Motto: “Shaurya-Dridhata-Karma Nishtha” (Valour – Determination – Devotion to Duty).
• Deployment: Operates 197 Border Outposts (BOPs) at high altitudes (9,000 ft to 18,750 ft).
• Specialization: Specialized mountain force with trained mountaineers and skiers.
• Leadership: Headed by a Director General.
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Home Affairs.
• Headquarters: New Delhi.

Why in the news (based on provided context):
The provided text is informational and lacks current events to suggest a reason for ITBP being specifically in the news. It is an overview of the ITBP’s background, role, and structure. Without additional context, we cannot say why ITBP is specifically in the news.

Chhattisgarh’s Green GDP

• Chhattisgarh Pioneers Green GDP Linkage: Chhattisgarh is the first Indian state to link its forest ecosystem to Green GDP, highlighting the economic and environmental value of forests.
• Green GDP Defined: A modified version of traditional GDP, accounting for environmental costs like natural resource depletion and pollution.
• Why Green GDP Matters: Traditional GDP ignores sustainability; Green GDP aligns economic growth with environmental well-being, reflecting the true cost of environmental damage.
• Chhattisgarh’s Forest Significance: The state has the highest increase in forest cover and forests cover 44.2% of its area, crucial for climate change mitigation.
• Implications for Chhattisgarh: Prioritizes natural resource preservation and sustainable development. Supports tribal livelihoods dependent on forest products and safeguarding cultural heritage.
• Promoting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):
  • SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production): Encourages sustainable practices.
  • SDG 13 (Climate Action): Supports renewable energy adoption.
  • SDG 15 (Life on Land) & SDG 14 (Life Below Water): Promotes biodiversity conservation.
  • SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth): Incentivizes green investments and jobs.
• Challenges:
  • Forest Cover Definition: Including plantations like palm oil as forests can be misleading.
  • Political Manipulation: States may prioritize plantations for funding, causing ecological harm.
  • Local Integration: Lack of awareness at the grassroots level.
  • Benefit Clarity: Unclear how benefits reach forest-dependent communities.
  • Methodological Differences: Lack of a universally accepted calculation method.
• Way Forward:
  • Clear Framework: Consistent methodology for calculating Green GDP.
  • Public Scrutiny: Transparent data to prevent manipulation.
  • Prioritize Quality: Restore native forests for better biodiversity.
  • Public Awareness: Educate communities.
  • Incentivize Protection: Reward local communities for forest conservation.

Garudakshi: Forest Crimes

• Garudakshi Portal: Aimed at curbing wildlife and forest crimes through an online FIR system. It models the online FIR system to tackle wildlife and forest crimes more efficiently.

• Pilot Implementation: Initially being tested in Bengaluru Urban, Bhadravathi, Sirsi, and Male Mahadeshwara Wildlife Sanctuary divisions in Karnataka.

• Compulsory FIR Registration: Once implemented, FIRs for forest crimes will have to be registered via Garudakshi.

• Online Handling of Cases: Facilitates the management of forest crime cases under the Forest and Wildlife Protection Acts digitally.

• Automated Reporting: The portal auto-generates formats for reports and complaints.

• Key Modules: Includes Legacy Case Registration, Online Forest Offence Registration, Investigation, and Reporting & Analytics.

• Public Complaint Mechanism: Allows the public to report forest offences via mobile or email.

• Collaboration with WTI: Developed in partnership with the Wildlife Trust of India (WTI). WTI is a non-profit conservation organization focused on protecting India’s wildlife, founded in November 1998.

Soapstone: India & Uses

• What is Soapstone: Also called Steatite, it’s a metamorphic rock primarily composed of talc, a naturally occurring mineral.
• Formation: Forms at convergent plate boundaries through metamorphism of rocks like peridotites, dunites, and serpentinites, or via metasomatism involving hot fluids altering siliceous dolostones.
• Properties: Soft, dense, and heat-resistant.
• Major Producers: China, India, Brazil, USA, and Finland.
• Indian Reserves: Rajasthan (57%) and Uttarakhand (25%) hold the largest soapstone reserves in India.
• Applications:
  • Baby powder (powdered form).
  • Thickening agent and lubricant.
  • Ingredient in ceramics, paint, and roofing materials.
  • Cosmetics (talc).
  • Pharmaceuticals (talc).
• Minerals: Naturally occurring homogeneous solid with a defined chemical composition and atomic structure formed inorganically.

Diaspora Day

• Flagship Event: Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD) is the Ministry of External Affairs’ primary event, showcasing India’s diversity.
• Biennial Celebration: Held every two years since 2015, with theme-based conferences in intervening years.
• January 9th Significance: Commemorates Mahatma Gandhi’s return to India from South Africa in 1915. This marks the involvement of the Indian diaspora in India’s independence struggle.
• Key Objectives:
  • Recognize the diaspora’s contributions to India’s growth.
  • Improve global understanding of India.
  • Support Indian causes and diaspora welfare.
  • Provide a platform for engagement between overseas Indians and India.
• Impact: Fosters connections and knowledge exchange between India and its diaspora.
• 2024 Theme: “Diaspora’s contribution to a Viksit Bharat ” (Developed India) which emphasizes their role in India’s progress.
• Person of Indian Origin (PIO): A foreign citizen (excluding nationals from specific countries like Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, China, Iran, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and Nepal) who held an Indian passport at any time, or whose parents/grandparents/great-grandparents were born in India.

WTO at 30

• 30th Anniversary: January 1, 2025, marked the 30th anniversary of the World Trade Organization (WTO).

• Formation and Purpose: The WTO was established to regulate global trade rules among nations, superseding the GATT.

• Key Date and Agreement: Formed under the Marrakesh Agreement (1994) after the Uruguay Round negotiations, officially starting operations in 1995.

• Scope of Coverage: WTO covers trade in goods, services, and intellectual property, unlike its predecessor GATT which focused on goods.

• Membership and Location: It has 166 member countries, representing 98% of global trade, with its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.

• Key Bodies: The Ministerial Conference (MC) is the highest decision-making body, and the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) resolves trade disputes.

• Key Agreements: TRIMS (trade-related investment measures), TRIPS (intellectual property rights), and AoA (agriculture) are crucial WTO agreements.

• Significance: The WTO’s role in facilitating global trade makes this anniversary significant.

Neuroptera Diversity

• Rediscovery of Glenochrysa zeylanica: This green lacewing, a Neuroptera species, was rediscovered in Wayanad district, Kerala, after 111 years. Previously considered endemic to Sri Lanka, this marks its first report from India.

• Indophanes barbara Antlion: This antlion species, belonging to the Myrmeleontidae family within Neuroptera, is unique because its larva doesn’t build pit traps. They live under the surface in loose soils.

• Neuroptera vs. Damselflies: Adult Indophanes barbara are often mistaken for damselflies (Order Odonata) by non-taxonomists. They can be differentiated by their long, distinct antennae. Neuroptera are holometabolous (complete metamorphosis), while Odonata (damselflies) are hemimetabolous (incomplete metamorphosis).

• What are Neuroptera? They are insects, often called lacewings, known for their intricate wing vein patterns. Adults are terrestrial and typically found on plants, hunting for prey.

• Ecological Significance: Neuroptera, especially Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, and Coniopterygidae families, are important biological control agents in agriculture and horticulture due to their predatory behaviour on pests. Their larvae actively search and voraciously feed on prey.

Ending Scavenging

• Why in News: NHRC held an open discussion on the rights of manual scavengers, highlighting issues of dignity and liberty.

• Major Challenges:

  • Health: Exposure to pathogens leads to diseases like Hepatitis, tetanus, and cholera; poisonous gases cause asphyxiation and death (377 deaths from 2019-2023).
  • Social Stigma: Untouchability reinforces social exclusion and the caste system.
  • Economic: Meager wages, contractual/daily-wage basis, and lack of job security trap workers in poverty.
  • Double Discrimination: Women face gender inequality, sexual harassment, and exploitation.
  • Psychological Issues: Stigma leads to anxiety and depression.
  • Drug Use: Coping mechanism exacerbates health problems.

• Supreme Court Guidelines (Dr. Balram Singh Case, 2023):

  • Eradicate manual sewer cleaning through phased measures.
  • Rehabilitate sewage workers with compensation (death: ₹30 lakhs, disabilities: ₹10-20 lakhs), employment for next of kin, and education for dependents.
  • Accountability for outsourced work (contract cancellations, penalties).
  • NALSA to manage compensation disbursement.
  • Portal to track deaths, compensation, and rehabilitation.

• Way Forward:

  • Mechanization: Automated equipment for safer sanitation work.
  • OHS Standards: Recognize sanitation work as hazardous under OSH Code 2020.
  • Health Screenings: Regular health checks for sanitation workers.
  • Expand SBM: Include health and dignity of sanitation workers.
  • Capacity Building: Training, safety gear, and financial assistance for technological innovation.
  • Incentivize mechanization, train workers, and empower women-led SHGs.

UJALA & SLNP: A Decade of Light

• 10th Anniversary of UJALA and SLNP: Celebrates a decade of transformative impact on energy efficiency in India, launched on January 5th, 2015.

• UJALA Scheme:

  • Promotes LED adoption, replacing inefficient lighting (ICLs and CFLs).
  • Implemented by EESL under the Ministry of Power.
  • Aims to save electricity and reduce CO2 emissions by replacing traditional bulbs and street lights with LEDs.
  • LEDs save significantly more energy (up to 90% vs ICLs) and last longer, but upfront costs were a barrier.
  • Subsidized LED bulb cost (Rs 70) made them affordable.
  • Distributed via bulk buying to reduce prices.
  • Significant achievements: Energy savings, cost savings, CO2 reduction, peak demand avoidance.

• SLNP:

  • Replaces conventional streetlights with LEDs.
  • Aims to reduce energy consumption and lower operational costs for municipalities.
  • Implemented by EESL in collaboration with ULBs, Municipal Bodies, Gram Panchayats and State Governments.
  • EESL covers initial costs, recovers investment through payments from municipalities, ensures 95% uptime for streetlights.

• ICLs vs CFLs vs LEDs: LEDs are more energy-efficient, have lower power consumption, and have low environmental impact compared to ICLs and CFLs.

BIS@78

• 78th Foundation Day: The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) observed its 78th Foundation Day on January 6, 2025. Why: Marks a significant milestone in the organization’s history and its continued role in standardization.

• BIS Establishment: Originally established as the Indian Standards Institution (ISI) on January 6, 1947, and later established under the BIS Act, 2016. Why: Highlights the evolution and legal framework governing the national standards body.

• Ministry: Functions under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution. Why: Indicates the government’s oversight and the areas BIS impacts.

• Key Functions: Operates Product Certification (ISI mark), Hallmarking of Gold and Silver Jewellery, and the ECO Mark Scheme. Why: Demonstrates BIS’s role in ensuring quality and environmental standards.

• Standards National Action Plan (SNAP) 2022-27: Aims to address emerging technologies, sustainability, and climate change. Why: Showcases BIS’s proactive approach to adapting to evolving global challenges.

• Harmonization with International Standards: 94% of Indian standards are harmonized with ISO and IEC standards. Why: Emphasizes alignment with global benchmarks and facilitates international trade.

• Hallmarking Achievement: Over 44.28 crore gold jewellery pieces have been hallmarked. Why: Illustrates the scale of BIS’s impact on quality assurance in the jewellery sector.

BHARATPOL

• Launched by: Union Home Minister of India.
• Purpose: To improve the efficiency of Indian investigation agencies in tracking fugitives and speeding up international assistance.
• Developed by: Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).
• Functionality: Connects central and state agencies with INTERPOL for real-time information sharing.
• Significance: Replaces the previous system where only the CBI had direct access to INTERPOL.
• Addresses: Rising transnational crimes like cybercrime, drug trafficking, and human trafficking.
• Enhances: Processing of Red Notices and other INTERPOL notices, making it easier for field-level police officers to address crimes.
• Capacity Building: CBI will train states on using BHARATPOL and implementing the three new criminal laws.
• Why it matters: Facilitates faster and more effective international cooperation in fighting crime by providing broader access to INTERPOL resources to Indian law enforcement.

Kalpeni: Coral Paradise

• Location: Kalpeni Island is part of the Lakshadweep archipelago in the Arabian Sea, 287 km from Kochi, Kerala.
• Geography: Covers 2.79 sq km and forms an atoll with Tilakkam, Pitti, and Cheriyam islands.
• Natural Beauty: Known for coral reefs, clear waters, white beaches, and a large lagoon (2.8 km wide).
• Marine Life: Abundant marine life makes it ideal for snorkeling and scuba diving.
• Climate: Similar to Kerala’s climate.
• Culture: Inhabited by the indigenous Maliku community with a rich cultural heritage.
• Corals: Marine invertebrates (polyps) that secrete calcium carbonate, forming coral reefs and diverse ecosystems.

Twigstats

• Twigstats: Advanced Ancestry Analysis: A new tool enhancing statistical power and accuracy in ancestry analysis.

  Join Our Telegram Channel

• Time-Stratified Approach: Allows researchers to focus on specific historical periods for more detailed analysis.

• High-Resolution Individual Ancestry: Determines individual-level ancestry with greater precision than previous methods.

• Combines C++ and R: Utilizes both C++ for performance and R for statistical computing.

• Addresses Limitations of SNPs: Overcomes challenges related to DNA quality and resolving histories of closely related groups, unlike SNP-based analysis.

• Haplotype-Sharing Focus: Leverages haplotype information, providing time-resolved insights into genetic ancestry.

• Genealogical Tree Application: Applicable to both modern and ancient genomes for understanding population structure and ancestral origins.

• DNA Basics: DNA carries genetic information, forming a double helix structure within cells. Primarily located in the nucleus, with a smaller amount in mitochondria.

Tipeshwar Haven

• Location: Yavatmal district, Maharashtra. Why: Defines the geographical area of the sanctuary.

• “Green Oasis”: Known as the “Green Oasis” of Southern Maharashtra due to abundant water from rivers like Purna, Krishna, Bhima, and Tapti. Why: Highlights the area’s unique characteristic of water availability compared to its surroundings.

• Basalt Area: Formed from lava flows. Why: Describes the geological composition of the sanctuary.

• Varied Vegetation: Hilly, undulated terrain supporting diverse vegetation types. Why: Explains the influence of the landscape on plant life.

• Flora: Rich in herbs, grasses, and bamboo forests. Why: Details the plant species found in the area.

• Fauna: Diverse wildlife including Hyena, Chital, Black buck, Sambar, Jackal, Wild boar, Peacock, Monkey, Blue bull, Wild cat, Bear, and more. Why: Showcases the animal biodiversity present in the sanctuary.

Sikkim’s Organic Fisheries

• India’s First Organic Fisheries Cluster: Launched in Soreng District, Sikkim, under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY).

• Purpose: To produce antibiotic, chemical, and pesticide-free organic fish for eco-conscious global markets. This promotes sustainable aquaculture and protects aquatic ecosystems.

• Funding and Support: The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) will fund infrastructure, build capacities, and form Fisheries-based Farmer Producer Organizations (FFPOs).

• Sikkim’s Organic Status: Sikkim is already India’s first fully organic state, enhancing the initiative’s viability.

• PMMSY’s Role: This scheme aims to develop the fisheries sector with a Rs 20,050 crore investment, enhancing production, infrastructure, and marketing, while focusing on the welfare of fishers and farmers. The scheme operates from FY 2020-21 to FY 2024-25.

HCES 2023-24

• HCES 2023-24 Released: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) provides insights into India’s consumption patterns and economic well-being.

• Rising Consumption:

  • Rural MPCE rose to Rs 4,122 (up 9.3%).
  • Urban MPCE rose to Rs 6,996 (up 8.3%).
  • Rural-urban consumption gap narrowed, indicating faster rural consumption growth.

• Regional Disparities:

  • Sikkim has highest MPCE, Chhattisgarh lowest.
  • Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, and Kerala have higher-than-average consumption.
  • West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh have lower spending.

• Consumption Inequality: Gini coefficient decreased in both rural and urban areas, showing reduced inequality.

  Subscribe on YouTube

• Food Expenditure: Increased in both rural and urban areas, reversing previous declines with highest spending on beverages, refreshments and processed food.

• Non-Food Expenditure: Remains high (52.96% rural, 60.32% urban), with conveyance, medical expenses, and clothing being key.

• Fractile Consumption Patterns: Top 5% consumption decreased, while bottom 5% saw significant increases.

• Policy Implications:

  • Rural Development: Supports schemes like PM-KISAN and MGNREGA, needs improved rural infrastructure.
  • Sectoral Shifts: Focus on skilling for a service-driven economy.
  • Urban Planning: Address affordable housing and public transport.
  • Regional Disparities: Targeted interventions in states like Bihar.
  • Consumer Protection: Regulate processed food industries.

Sonobuoys Explained

• Definition: Sonobuoys are expendable, electro-mechanical acoustic sensors deployed to detect sounds from ships and submarines.

• Function: They aid in the detection, classification, and tracking of underwater vessels.

• Deployment: Typically dropped from naval helicopters or fixed-wing aircraft in a strategic pattern.

• Mechanism: Upon water impact, sensors descend to a set depth while a surface unit with a radio transmitter sends acoustic information back to the tracking vessel/aircraft.

• Active vs. Passive: Active sonobuoys emit sound and analyze echoes, while passive ones listen for existing sounds.

• Triangulation: A pattern of sonobuoys can pinpoint a submarine’s exact location.

• Components: Include a buoyant housing, acoustic sensors, a power source, and a radio transmitter.

• Beyond ASW: Used in scientific research, environmental studies (e.g., whale behavior), and collecting environmental data (water temperature, noise levels).

• Acoustics Importance: Sonobuoys rely on acoustics, the science of sound, which has many applications beyond music and architecture like Noise control, SONAR, Medical Ultrasounds.

SCOTUS Asks for Laws Revamped

• Supreme Court’s Call: SC emphasized the need for periodic legislative reviews to assess the effectiveness of laws, suggesting reviews every 20-50 years.

• Why Periodic Reviews are Needed:

  • Identifying Deficiencies: Laws can become outdated, necessitating updates or repeal.
  • Ensuring Relevance: Laws should align with societal needs and address issues arising from hasty or politically motivated legislation.
  • Addressing Unintended Consequences: Reviews can identify laws hindering justice or creating inefficiencies.
  • Improving Accountability: Ensuring laws remain aligned with original objectives and democratic principles.
  • Global Standards: Aligning laws with international best practices and human rights norms.

• Challenges in Reviewing Laws:

  • Lack of Political Will: Reviews can be influenced by political agendas.
  • Judicial Overreach: Concerns about judiciary overstepping boundaries.
  • Legal Complexity: Amendments can have unintended consequences due to interdependence of laws.
  • Limited Public Participation: Low public understanding limits the impact of reviews.

• Way Forward:

  • Strengthening Law Commission of India: Enhancing independence and resources for better legal reforms.
  • Leveraging Technology: Using platforms like MyGov and AI for public consultation and evaluating effectiveness.
  • Resource Allocation: Allocating dedicated budgets for legal reforms.
  • Engaging with International Best Practices: Aligning laws with international standards, as seen with the National Green Tribunal (NGT).

Guru Gobind Singh Ji: 358th

• Celebration: The Prime Minister paid tribute on the 358th birth anniversary of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
• Significance: Celebrated as Prakash Utsav, marking the birth anniversary of the 10th Sikh Guru.
• Calendar: Celebrated based on the Nanakshahi calendar. In 2025, it will fall on January 6th.
• Birthplace: Born on December 22, 1666, in Patna Sahib, Bihar.
• Succession: Succeeded his father, Guru Teg Bahadur.
• Khalsa Establishment: Founded the Khalsa in 1699, a warrior community.
• Five K’s: Introduced the Five K’s (Kangha, Kesh, Kara, Kirpan, Kachhera) as symbols of Sikh identity.
• Martyrdom of Sons: His sons Zorawar Singh and Fateh Singh were executed for refusing to convert to Islam.
• Battle of Chamkaur: His elder sons, Ajit Singh and Jujhar Singh, sacrificed their lives in the Battle of Chamkaur.
• Veer Bal Diwas: December 26th is observed as ‘Veer Bal Diwas’ to commemorate the martyrdom of his younger sons.
• Panj Pyare: Guru Gobind Singh established the institution of Panj Pyare, highlighting sacrifice and devotion.

Darting Wildlife

• Tranquilising Necessity: Vital for conservation efforts, mitigating human-wildlife conflict, and ensuring animal and human safety. Recent example: Tigress Zeenat relocated from West Bengal to Odisha using tranquilisation.

• Definition: Wildlife tranquillisation involves using sedative drugs to safely capture, handle, or relocate wild animals for conservation, research, or rescue.

• Regulation: Governed by the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, and overseen by State Forest Departments under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, with support from trained veterinarians and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII).

• Tools and Methods: Primarily utilises dart guns propelled by compressed CO2 to deliver sedative-filled syringes remotely. Darts have hypodermic needles and stabilising features.

• Drugs Used:

  • Opioids (e.g., M99/etorphine, sometimes morphine): Used for large mammals.
  • Alpha-Adrenergic Tranquilizers (e.g., Xylazine & Ketamine): Commonly combined for animals like deer and tigers, allowing controlled sedation and reversibility.

• Reversal Agents: Antidotes like Naloxone are used to reverse the effects of tranquillisation.

• Applications:

  • Conservation/Relocation: Safely move animals from conflict areas to protected zones.
  • Research/Monitoring: Capture animals for health checks, tagging, and migration studies.
  • Rescue Operations: Aid injured or stranded animals for veterinary care and rehabilitation.

Indus Script: Unlocking Clues

• Why in News: Tamil Nadu CM announced a USD 1 million prize to decipher the Indus Valley script, reigniting the century-old mystery.

• Indus Valley Script: Used by the Indus Valley Civilization (2600–1900 BCE) in present-day Pakistan and northwest India. Undeciphered despite numerous attempts.

• Script Characteristics: Pictograms and motifs on seals, tablets, and metal. Generally written right to left. Inscriptions are short, averaging 5 characters. Likely a logosyllabic system, possibly using a rebus principle. Purpose may include trade, tax, or religious notations.

• Language Theories: Dravidian hypothesis links it to Old Tamil. Early theories connected it to Sanskrit, but this is contested. Some argue it’s not a language but a symbolic system.

• Challenges to Decipherment: Lack of bilingual texts (like the Rosetta Stone). Short, fragmentary texts. Unknown language with no known descendants. Variations in symbol interpretations. Limited archaeological evidence and unexplored sites. Technological constraints limit AI’s effectiveness.

• Significance of Decipherment: Unlocking the Harappan language and its linguistic roots. Understanding Harappan culture, religious beliefs, societal norms, and sociopolitical structures. Tracing India’s cultural and linguistic evolution. Contributing to the understanding of ancient writing systems and cross-cultural exchanges. Revealing ties to Vedic practices and links to Dravidian or Indo-European languages.

UJALA Scheme

• UJALA Scheme Overview: Launched in May 2015 as the LED-based Domestic Efficient Lighting Programme (DELP), it aims to promote energy efficiency by replacing traditional bulbs with LEDs.

• World’s Largest: It is the world’s largest zero-subsidy LED distribution program.

• Implementation: Implemented by Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) under the Ministry of Power.

• Key Goals: To save 85 lakh kWh of electricity and 15,000 tonnes of CO2 by replacing traditional lighting with LEDs. This includes 77 crore traditional bulbs/CFLs and 3.5 crore streetlights.

• Eligibility: Open to all domestic households with a metered electricity connection.

• Payment Options: Consumers can purchase LEDs through EMI or upfront payment.

• Inclusive Growth: EESL involves Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in LED distribution.

• Significant Savings: The scheme achieves annual energy savings of 47,883 million kWh, reduces peak demand by 9,586 MW, and cuts carbon dioxide emissions by 3.87 crore tonnes annually.

• Cost Reduction: UJALA has significantly reduced LED bulb prices from INR 300-350 to INR 70-80 through e-procurement and bulk purchasing.

• LED Basics: An LED is a semiconductor device that emits light when electricity passes through it. It’s a solid-state lighting technology, different from incandescent or fluorescent lamps.

Nitrogen Efficiency

• Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) Defined: NUE is the ratio of crop yield to nitrogen absorbed by the plant (from soil or atmosphere). It’s crucial for efficient agriculture.

• Traditional Methods’ Drawbacks: Traditional methods rely heavily on inorganic nitrogen fertilizers, which increase costs for farmers and contribute to nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions and greenhouse gases.

• Novel Approach: Systemic Regulation of NO: A new study focuses on improving NUE by regulating Nitrogen Oxide (NO) levels in plants. This influences high-affinity nitrate transporters (HATs) activity, which are key for nitrogen uptake.

• Significance of Nitric Oxide (NO): NO is important to the physiology of plants. It activates high-affinity nitrate transporters, which are crucial for nitrogen uptake, especially when nitrogen is scarce.

• Sustainable Solution: This NO-focused method offers a more sustainable alternative to traditional fertilization, potentially increasing crop yields while minimizing nitrogen fertilizer use and environmental impact.

• Food Security Implications: Research offers a promising pathway for more efficient agricultural practices, important for addressing global food security challenges.

• Liquid Nitrogen (Additional Info): Liquid nitrogen is an inert, cryogenic liquid that is very cold.

Toda People

• Ancient Ethnic Group: The Toda are one of the oldest ethnic groups residing in the Upper Nilgiri plateau, Tamil Nadu. This is significant as it highlights their long history and unique cultural heritage.

• Clan Structure: They are divided into five clans: Paiki, Pekkan, Kuttan, Kenna, and Todi. This demonstrates a structured social organization within the tribe.

• Unique Language: The Todas have their own unwritten language. This underscores their distinct cultural identity and the importance of preserving their linguistic heritage.

• Traditional Hamlets: They live in closed communities called “munds.” This showcases their communal lifestyle and close-knit social structure.

• Patrilineal Society: The Toda society follows a patrilineal descent system and is further divided into endogamous groups (Tharthazoll and Theveioll). This signifies the importance of lineage and kinship in their social organization.

• Traditional Governance: They have a traditional government called ‘Noim’, headed by a headman (Monegar) who dispenses justice. This reflects their self-governance and traditional legal system.

• Buffalo Herding & Embroidery: Their livelihood depends on buffalo herding and distinctive red-and-black embroidery (with a GI tag). This highlights their unique economic activities and artistic skills.

• ‘Modhweth’ Festival: They celebrate the ‘Modhweth’ (buffalo) festival annually. This festival is important for its socio-cultural significance.

Jammu & Rayagada Rail

• New Railway Divisions: The Prime Minister virtually inaugurated the Jammu Railway Division (70th) and laid the foundation stone for the Rayagada Railway Division (69th). This expansion signifies a growing rail network.
• Jammu Division Details: The new Jammu Division, carved from the Firozpur Division, covers 742.1 km. This includes the new Katra-Reasi railway section and upcoming Vande Bharat services to Srinagar by January 26, 2025.
• Strategic Infrastructure Development: The inaugurations and groundwork are part of a broader initiative to improve infrastructure, including metro networks, dedicated freight corridors, solar-powered stations, and high-speed rail systems.
• Significance for Indian Railways: Indian Railways, established in 1853, remains one of the largest railway networks globally. India’s railway system is expanding, aiming to boost its global standing with a projected 40% of global rail activity by 2050.
• Cherlapally Terminal & Odisha Division: Besides this, The PM also inaugurated the Cherlapally terminal station in Telangana and laid the foundation stone for the Rayagada railway division (69 th Division) building in Odisha under the East Coast Railway zone.

e-Shram: Unorganized Workers

• e-Shram Portal Enhanced with Multilingual Support: The e-Shram portal, a Government of India initiative for unorganized workers, has been upgraded with 22 languages via the MEITY’s Bhashini project. Previously, it was available only in English, Hindi, Kannada, and Marathi.

• Objective: To establish a centralized database of unorganized workers for effective policy implementation and improve access to social security schemes.

• Key Features: Universal Account Number (UAN) for registered workers, simplified registration process, multilingual support, grievance redressal mechanism, integration with employment and skill opportunities, and capturing family details for migrant workers.

• Data Sharing with BOCW Welfare Boards: e-Shram data of construction workers is shared with respective BOCW Welfare Boards for registration and access to relevant schemes.

• Data Sharing Portal (DSP): A Data Sharing Portal facilitates secure sharing of e-Shram beneficiary data with State and UT governments for targeted social security and welfare scheme implementation.

• Bhashini Platform: India’s AI-led language translation platform, enabling easier access to the internet and digital services in Indian languages, including voice-based access, and facilitating content creation in Indian languages.

Oil Palm Priority

• Ministry Directive: The Ministry of Agriculture has urged states to prioritize oil palm plantation targets under the National Mission on Edible Oils – Oil Palm (NMEO-OP) scheme.
• NMEO-OP Objective: The scheme aims to boost domestic crude palm oil (CPO) production to reduce import dependence.
• Area Expansion: Target is to increase oil palm cultivation area by 6.5 lakh hectares by 2025-26, reaching a total of 10 lakh hectares.
• Production Targets: Aiming to increase CPO production to 11.20 lakh tonnes by 2025-26 and 28 lakh tonnes by 2029-30 from 0.27 lakh tonnes (2019-20).
• Focus Regions: Emphasis on the North-East region and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
• Price Assurance: The Viability Price (VP) mechanism protects farmers from international price volatility through direct benefit transfer (DBT).
• Enhanced Assistance: Increase in planting material assistance from Rs 12,000/ha to Rs 29,000/ha, with additional support for rejuvenating old gardens (Rs 250 per plant).
• North-East/Andaman Provisions: An additional 2% of CPO price borne by the government for farmer payments. Special provisions for cultivation methods and integrated farming.
• Per Capita Consumption: Maintain consumption level of 19 kg/person/annum till 2025-26.

Umred-Pauni-Karhandla

• Location: Situated in Bhandara and Nagpur districts of Maharashtra (Pauni tehsil, Umred, Kuhi, and Bhivapur Taluka).
• Establishment: Established in 2013.
• Area: 189 sq. km.
• Boundaries: Wainganga River and Gose Khurd Dam (northeast), State Highway 9 and Bhiwapur Town (south).
• Connectivity: Forest along Wainganga River connects it to Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve. Close to Pench Tiger Reserve (80 km) and Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary (50 km).
• Flora: Dominated by teak (60%), bamboo, tendu, mahua, and other native tree species.
• Fauna: Important tiger habitat (resident breeding tigers). Also home to gaur, wild dogs, flying squirrels, pangolins, and honey badgers.
• Tiger Reserve Definition: A Tiger Reserve is a protected area designated for tiger conservation, that can also be a National Park or wildlife sanctuary.

Ranganatha’s Abode

• Biggest Functioning Hindu Temple: Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple in Srirangam, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, is the largest operating Hindu temple in India, spanning 156 acres. This makes it a significant cultural and religious landmark.

• Dedicated to Lord Ranganatha: The temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu in his reclining form as Ranganatha. This highlights the temple’s importance as a Vaishnavite center.

• Self-Manifested Shrine: It is one of the eight self-manifested shrines (Swayam Vyakta Kshetras) of Lord Vishnu. This adds to its religious sanctity and importance.

• Location on an Islet: Situated on an islet formed by the Cauvery and Coleroon rivers.

• Rich History: While the temple’s existence dates back to the 2nd century BC, archaeological inscriptions are available from the 10th century CE onwards. It underwent changes under various dynasties like the Cholas, Cheras, Pandyas, Hoysalas, Vijayanagar kings, and Nayaks of Madurai.

• Dravidian Architecture: The temple complex is a prime example of Dravidian architecture, featuring massive walls, 21 gopuras, 50 sub-shrines, 9 sacred pools, and a golden Vimana.

• Rajagopura: Home to the 236-feet Rajagopura, the tallest temple tower in India.

• Hall of 1000 Pillars: It features a hall with 1000 pillars showcasing intricate sculptures from the Vijayanagara period (1336-1565).

• Dravidian Architecture Style: Dravidian architecture is a temple architecture style from South India, that involves Pallava, Cholas, Pandyas, Vijayanagar, and Nayakas periods and primarily found in the Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala regions.

Rajasthan’s Ancient Artesian Wells

• News: Water gushing out in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, from what’s considered an artesian well.
• Origin: Experts link the water to the ancient Tethys Sea (millions of years old) rather than the Saraswati River.
• Artesian Well Definition: A well where water rises naturally to the surface due to pressure within a confined aquifer.
• Formation: Occurs when a well penetrates a confined aquifer (permeable layer between impermeable layers). Pressure forces water upwards.
• Rajasthan Artesian Well Features: High salinity, similar to ancient sea water.
• Evidence: Presence of marine clay (containing skeletal remains) supports the Tethys Sea connection.
• Tethys Sea: Existed during the Mesozoic Era, between Gondwana and Laurasia.
• Tethys Sea Significance: Its closure led to the formation of the Himalayas.
• Tethys Sea Remnants: Smaller seas like the Mediterranean, Caspian, and Black Sea are remnants.
• Geological Significance: Jaisalmer was once a coastal region of the Tethys Sea with unique fossil discoveries.
• Artesian Well vs Tube well Artesian wells flow naturally while tube wells require pumping

Arunachal Religion Act

• Key Points:

  • The Arunachal Pradesh government is reviving the 1978 “Freedom of Religion Act” by framing rules for its implementation.
  • The Act prohibits religious conversion through force, inducement, or fraud.
  • Violations can lead to up to two years imprisonment and a Rs. 10,000 fine.
  • All conversions must be reported to the Deputy Commissioner.
  • “Religious faiths” include indigenous faiths like Buddhism, Donyi-Polo, and Vaishnavism.

• Why it Matters:

  • The Act aims to regulate religious conversions, particularly addressing concerns about forced conversions.
  • Arunachal Pradesh has diverse indigenous communities and a significant Christian population.
  • Christianity grew rapidly after the 1950s, becoming the largest religion with 30.26% of the population in 2011.
  • The Act’s revival follows a PIL (Public Interest Litigation) filed in 2022, prompting the government to act.
  • The court mandated finalization of the rules within six months, highlighting the urgency of the implementation.

Alakananda: Key Facts

• One of Ganga’s Main Headstreams: Alaknanda is one of the two primary sources of the Ganges, the other being the Bhagirathi. This highlights its significance in the formation of the holy river.

• Origin in Garhwal Himalayas: It originates from the Satopanth and Bhagirath Kharak glaciers in Uttarakhand. This specifies its geographical source.

• Five Major Confluences (Panch Prayag): The river merges with five significant tributaries at worshipped confluences:

  • Vishnuprayag: Dhauliganga River
  • Nandprayag: Nandakini River
  • Karnaprayag: Pindar River
  • Rudraprayag: Mandakini River
  • Devprayag: Bhagirathi River (formation of Ganga)

• Dominant Flow at Ganga’s Formation: Alaknanda contributes a larger volume of water than Bhagirathi at their confluence to form the Ganga. This emphasizes its substantial role.

• 190 km Journey: The river travels approximately 190 km from source to its union with Bhagirathi. This provides a sense of its length.

• Pilgrimage Sites: Badrinath, Hemkund Sahib, and Joshimath are located along its banks. This indicates the river’s religious importance.

• Char Dham Yatra Significance: The Alaknanda River valley is a vital part of the Char Dham Yatra pilgrimage. This connects it to a major Hindu pilgrimage circuit.

• Ganga’s Tributaries: The Ganga receives numerous tributaries, including Alaknanda, Ramganga, Kali, Yamuna, Gomti, Ghagra, Gandak, Kosi and Sone, draining 11 states. This puts Alaknanda into context with other tributaries of Ganga.

Guru Gobind Singh

• Significance: Guru Gobind Singh Jayanti, observed annually on January 6th, commemorates the birth anniversary of the 10th Sikh Guru, a pivotal figure in Sikhism.

• Early Leadership: Ascended as the tenth and last Guru at age nine following the martyrdom of his father, Guru Tegh Bahadur, by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.

• Founding of the Khalsa: Guru Gobind Singh established the Khalsa on Baisakhi in 1699, central to Sikh identity and principles. Introduced the “Panj Piare,” the first five initiated Sikhs, forming the nucleus of the Khalsa.

• The Five Ks: Introduced the five articles of faith: Kesh (uncut hair), Kangha (comb), Kara (bracelet), Kirpan (sword), and Kacchera (breeches), which are fundamental to the Sikh identity.

• Legacy and Contributions: Credited with the Dasam Granth, a collection of hymns integral to Sikh prayers and rituals. Declared Guru Granth Sahib as the permanent Guru.

• Conflicts and Support: Led battles against the Mughal Empire and hill rajas. Supported Bahadur Shah I in the Battle of Jajau.

• Tragic End: Assassinated in 1708 in Nanded, Maharashtra, by a Pashtun assassin, on the orders of Nawab Wazir Khan of Sirhind.

Noctule Bat

• Common Noctule Bat Overview: Insectivorous bat species found across Europe and temperate Asia.

• Appearance: Golden to dark brown fur, paler underside, narrow pointed wings, powerful flight with dives.

• Echolocation: Uses low frequencies (around 25kHz), sometimes audible to humans, especially children.

• Habitat: Forests, open areas, near human habitation. Roosts in hollow trees, buildings, caves.

• Hibernation: Hibernates during winter in caves, rock crevices, bat boxes, even buildings (especially in Eastern Europe). Hibernation is a state of reduced metabolic activity and body temperature to survive adverse winter conditions.

• Distribution: Found throughout Europe, temperate Asia, and parts of North Africa.

• Conservation: Listed as Least Concern by IUCN.

• Why in the News: Article provides no specific news context about the Common Noctule Bat.

Girl Child Day 2025

• National Girl Child Day: Observed annually on January 24th to promote the rights, empowerment, and potential of girls in India.

• Theme: “Empowering Girls for a Bright Future” emphasizes equal opportunities in education, healthcare, and personal growth.

• Started in: 2008 by the Ministry of Women and Child Development to address critical issues like child marriage and female foeticide.

• 10th Anniversary of BBBP: The 2025 celebrations will mark the 10th anniversary of the Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) scheme, running from January 22nd to March 8th, 2025 (International Women’s Day).

• Initiatives: Celebrations will be centered around significant measures taken towards girl child development via Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006, POCSO Act, 2012, Mission Vatsalya etc.

World Gold Council: Intro

• Nonprofit Association: The World Gold Council (WGC) is a non-profit organization for leading gold producers. This is important as it clarifies its mission isn’t profit-driven but focused on industry development.

• Market Development: It acts as a market development organization for the gold industry, promoting gold demand and usage. This highlights its active role in shaping the gold market.

• Membership: Composed of 33 members, many being gold mining companies. This indicates the WGC’s direct connection to the gold production sector.

• Established in 1987: Formed to promote gold via marketing, research, and lobbying. This gives context to its long-term involvement in the gold industry.

• Headquarters: Located in London, UK. This establishes its global presence.

• Objectives: Maximize industry growth by monitoring and defending gold consumption, setting standards, and promoting sustainability. This outlines its core objectives for the gold sector.

• Global Authority: The WGC is a leading source for gold industry analysis and information. This emphasizes its credibility and influence.

• Key Publications: Publishes quarterly reports on the gold market and demand trends. These reports are essential for understanding gold market dynamics.

• Research Sponsorship: Co-sponsors research to develop new gold applications. This illustrates its commitment to innovation within the gold industry.

• Market Coverage: Covers markets representing ~75% of global gold consumption. This underscores its significant reach and impact on the global gold market.

• ETF Creation: The WGC created the first gold exchange-traded fund. This demonstrates its role in pioneering new investment vehicles for gold.

HMPV

• HMPV Surge in China: Increased respiratory illnesses in China, potentially linked to Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), have raised concerns about a new pandemic.
• WHO Response: The World Health Organization (WHO) has not issued any pandemic warnings, emergency declarations, or health crisis notices related to HMPV.
• HMPV Global Presence: HMPV is a globally present respiratory pathogen, not limited to China.
• Discovery and Similarity: Discovered in 2001, HMPV causes flu and COVID-19 like acute respiratory infections.
• Symptoms: Symptoms include cough, fever, sore throat, runny nose, and wheezing, typically resolving in 2-5 days.
• Vulnerable Groups: Children, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems are at higher risk.
• Transmission: Spread occurs through close contact or contaminated surfaces.
• Seasonality: HMPV typically circulates during winter and spring.
• Severity: While most cases are mild, 5-16% can lead to severe conditions like bronchiolitis or pneumonia.
• No Vaccine: There is currently no vaccine available for HMPV.
• Family: HMPV belongs to the Pneumoviridae family, which includes RSV, measles, and mumps viruses.

DRDO @ 67

• 67th Foundation Day: DRDO celebrated its 67th Foundation Day on January 1st, paying tribute to Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam. This highlights DRDO’s crucial role in enhancing India’s defense capabilities.

• Establishment and Evolution: Founded in 1958 by merging several defense entities. It has grown from 10 to 41 laboratories and 5 DRDO Young Scientist Laboratories (DYSLs).

• Core Principle: DRDO’s motto, “Balasya Mulam Vigyanam” (Strength lies in science), reflects its commitment to national security.

• Mission: To achieve self-reliance in critical defense technologies and equip the Indian armed forces with advanced weapon systems.

• Technology Clusters: Organized into seven technology domain-based clusters after a 2007 review, covering areas from aeronautics to soldier support systems.

• Key Achievements in 2024: DRDO handed over Air Defence Systems (ADTCR, ADFCR), Missile Systems (LR-LACM, QRSAM, MRAshM), Advanced Platforms (MMMA, SCA, PRACHAND), and developed AI tool ‘Divya Drishti.’

• Flagship Programs: Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) sanctioned Full Scale Engineering Development (FSED) of Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) and a new Missile Test Range in Andhra Pradesh.

• Missile Systems: Developed diverse missile systems like MICA, Astra, Trishul, Akash, Agni, BrahMos, and Nirbhay.

  Join Our Telegram Channel

• Other Systems: Produced Combat Aircraft (LCA Tejas), Rocket Systems (Pinaka), Naval Systems (Humsa, Nagan), Main Battle Tank (Arjun), and Unmanned Aerial Systems (Lakshya, Nishant).

• Dr. Kalam’s Contributions: Dr. Kalam’s leadership in the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) was vital in developing missiles like Prithvi, Trishul, Akash, Nag, and Agni, earning him the title ‘Missile Man of India.’

• IGMDP Significance: The IGMDP (1983-2008) aimed to achieve self-reliance in missile technology, resulting in indigenous systems and strengthening India’s defense-industrial base.

NZBA

• What it is: The Net-Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA) is a group of global banks committed to achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. It was founded in April 2021 under the UN Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI).
• Key Commitments: NZBA members pledged to align lending and investment portfolios with net-zero emissions by 2050, set interim targets, focus on carbon-intensive sectors, and report annually on progress.
• Recent Departures: Major US banks including Goldman Sachs, Wells Fargo, Citigroup, Bank of America, and Morgan Stanley have withdrawn from the alliance.
• Why they left: This exodus is driven by increasing political pressure, particularly in anticipation of Donald Trump’s potential return to the White House and his policies related to environment.
• Significance: Despite the departures, NZBA still represents nearly half of global banking assets with 142 members from 44 countries. The situation highlights the complexities of climate commitments and political influence on financial institutions.

AFT: Justice for Uniforms

• About: The Armed Forces Tribunal (AFT) is a military tribunal in India, established in 2007 under the Armed Forces Tribunal Act. It operates under the Ministry of Defence (MoD).

• Purpose: It resolves disputes related to service matters and appeals arising from court-martial decisions for personnel subject to the Army Act, Navy Act, and Air Force Act. It provides an avenue for adjudication and appeals in these cases.

• Jurisdiction: It has original jurisdiction over service matters and appellate jurisdiction over court-martial cases. Appeals against AFT decisions can only be made in the Supreme Court.

• Benches: AFT has a Principal Bench in New Delhi, and regional benches located across India.

• Composition: Each bench consists of a Judicial Member (retired High Court Judge) and an Administrative Member (retired Major General or equivalent, or Judge Advocate General).

• Functioning: Proceedings are conducted in English, following procedures similar to those of High Courts.

• Tribunal Definition: AFT, like other tribunals, is a quasi-judicial body providing a quicker, more cost-effective alternative to traditional courts for specific disputes.

India Poverty Down, SBI Says

• Why in News: SBI report reveals significant poverty reduction in India, attributed to government interventions and improved consumption.

• Decline in Poverty Rates (FY24):

  • Rural: 4.86% (from 25.7% in 2011-12).
  • Urban: 4.09% (from 13.7% in 2011-12).

• Government Impact: Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT), infrastructure development, and farmer-centric initiatives improved rural livelihoods.

• Improved Rural Consumption: The gap between rural and urban consumption is narrowing. Rural Monthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure (MPCE) gap reduced from 88.2% (2004-05) to 69.7% (2023-24).

• Poverty Line: Defined as Rs 1,632 (rural) and Rs 1,944 (urban) in FY24, adjusted for inflation.

• State-wise Savings: Higher-income states show savings rates above the national average of 31%. Bihar has a negative savings rate (-6%), likely due to outward migration.

• Impact of Inflation: Consumption demand is elastic, meaning food price changes significantly impact overall spending. Rising food prices negatively affect MPCE, especially in low-income rural areas.

• Regional Disparities: Rural-urban gap impact is more noticeable in high-income states, with risk-taking being more cautious in low-income rural areas.

Digital Governance

• India’s Digital Governance Push: India is actively transitioning to digital governance to improve citizen services and government workforce capabilities. This signifies a shift in how government employees and associated service providers operate.

• Key Initiatives:

  • iGOT Karmayogi: An online platform to train government officials in data analytics, public administration, and digital technologies. This is crucial for capacity building.
  • e-Office: Digitize workflows to reduce paperwork, increase efficiency, promote real-time communication and transparency.
  • Government e-Marketplace (GeM): Online procurement to streamline processes.

• Challenges:

  • Resistance to Change: Government workforce may be slow to adopt new technologies.
  • Lack of Incentives: Training programs might lack tangible outcomes and incentives for employees.
  • Digital Divide: Unequal access to internet and digital tools hinders progress, particularly in rural areas.
  • Cybersecurity Concerns: Increased risks related to online operations need to be addressed.
  • Continuous Learning: Ongoing training and upskilling are essential for adaptation.

• The Way Forward:

  • Robust Infrastructure: Improve connectivity and access to digital tools, especially in rural areas.
  • Targeted Training: Ensure training programs are outcome-driven and adaptable.
  • Cybersecurity: Implement strong cybersecurity protocols.
  • Incentives & Recognition: Reward employees excelling in digital tool usage.
  • Inclusivity: Equip all employees with necessary digital skills.

Crimea

• Environmental Emergency: An oil spill has been declared in Sevastopol, Crimea’s largest city, due to fuel oil leaking from two storm-stricken tankers in the Kerch Strait.
• Geographic Context: Crimea is a peninsula in Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea and Sea of Azov, and features mountains, steppe, and a southern coast.
• Water Bodies: The region has several rivers and salt lakes, crucial for understanding potential contamination spread.
• Political Status: Crimea was annexed by Russia in 2014, a move internationally condemned.
• Economic Aspects: Agriculture is a key part of the region and is vulnerable to environmental disasters. Industry in the area includes iron ore mining and a spa industry, with the former also at risk.
• Infrastructure: The Kerch Strait Bridge connects Crimea to Russia and could be affected by environmental or political developments resulting from the spill.

Tidal Tails: Explained

• Tidal tails are elongated streams of stars and gas extending from galaxies.

• They form during close encounters or mergers of galaxies. Why? Gravitational forces distort and stretch out material.

• Galactic interactions strip gas and stars to create two tails (trailing and preceding). Why? It’s a direct consequence of tidal forces during the interaction.

• Tidal tails are a signature of recent galaxy merger activity. Why? They persist long after the initial interaction.

• Examples: Tadpole Galaxy, Mice Galaxies.

• Tidal forces eject significant galaxy gas into the tails.

• ~10% of star formation in galaxies with tidal tails happens in the tails.

• ~1% of all star formation in the universe occurs within tidal tails. Why? It’s a significant, albeit relatively small, contribution to overall star formation.

• Studying tidal tails helps understand galaxy interactions, mergers, and evolution. Why? They provide visible evidence of these processes.

Dino Drive

• Discovery: Hundreds of dinosaur footprints, dubbed the “dinosaur highway,” were found at Dewars Farm Quarry in Oxfordshire, UK.

• Age: The footprints date back to the Middle Jurassic Period, approximately 166 million years ago.

• Dinosaur Types: The footprints reveal the presence of Sauropods (like Cetiosaurus), and carnivores like Megalosaurus.

• Significance of Dinosaur Highway: The high concentration of footprints indicates an area where dinosaurs frequently walked or migrated.

• Dinosaur Overview: Dinosaurs were prehistoric reptiles from the Mesozoic Era, including the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods.

• Dinosaur Diversity: Dinosaurs encompassed a wide range, from massive herbivores to smaller carnivores.

• Unique Feature: A key characteristic of dinosaurs was their upright walking posture, enabled by the hole in their hip socket.

• Extinction: Dinosaurs, excluding modern birds, went extinct around 66 million years ago, likely due to an asteroid impact.

PLI Scheme 1.1

• PLI Scheme 1.1 Implementation: Runs from FY 2025-26 to FY 2029-30.

• Product Categories: Covers coated/plated steel, high-strength steel, specialty rails, alloy steel, electrical steel, and steel wires. These are crucial for various sectors like automotive and appliances.

• CRGO Steel Focus: Addresses a technological gap in India as no domestic steelmaker currently produces this high-value steel for power transformers.

  Subscribe on YouTube

• Changes to Scheme:

  • Lowered investment and capacity thresholds for CRGO, making it more accessible to smaller players.
  • Carry-forward provision allows companies to claim incentives on excess production from the previous year.
  • Reduced investment thresholds for capacity augmentation, incentivizing existing steelmakers to upgrade facilities instead of solely building new ones.

• Capacity Augmentation: Supports energy efficiency and process improvements by including companies investing in upgrading existing facilities, not just building new plants.

• Scheme Objectives: Aims to boost domestic specialty steel production, reduce reliance on imports, and attract capital investment.

Savitribai Phule’s Birthday

• Celebration: The Prime Minister paid tribute on Savitribai Phule’s 193rd birth anniversary on January 3rd, 2025. This highlights her ongoing relevance.
• Overcoming Adversity: Savitribai Phule faced severe opposition, including physical and social attacks, demonstrating her courage and commitment. This emphasizes the challenges she overcame.
• Pioneering Education for Girls: She established India’s first school for girls in 1848 and helped run 18 schools. This underscores her crucial role in promoting women’s education.
• Advocacy for the Downtrodden: She started educational trusts and worked to uplift the Dalit community. This illustrates her fight against caste-based discrimination.
• Combating Gender-Based Violence: She and her husband founded Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha, India’s first home to fight female infanticide and support vulnerable women. This highlights her efforts to combat gender inequality and violence.
• Literary Contributions: Savitribai authored notable works like Kavya Phule and Bavan Kashi Subodh Ratnakar that promoted her ideas. This points to her role in shaping social discourse through literature.

BHARATPOL

• BHARATPOL Portal Launched: A new portal to streamline international police cooperation through INTERPOL.

• Purpose: To expedite and simplify requests for international assistance, including Red Notices and other INTERPOL notices.

• Target Users: Field-level police officers, empowering them to handle crimes and security challenges more efficiently.

• Benefits: Faster access to international assistance, strengthens India’s fight against transnational crimes, and real-time information sharing for Indian Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs).

• Developer: Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).

• CBI’s Role: Acts as the National Central Bureau (NCB-New Delhi) for INTERPOL in India. Facilitates international cooperation.

• Current System: Communication relies on letters, emails, and faxes. BHARATPOL aims to modernize this.

• INTERPOL: The world’s largest international police organization with 195 member countries, facilitating police cooperation against cross-border crime.

• Why It Matters: Improves communication and collaboration in fighting international crime, enhancing the efficiency of Indian law enforcement in dealing with global threats. It will replace traditional methods, creating a modern system.

Braille Day ’25

• World Braille Day, observed annually on January 4th, honors Louis Braille’s birth and his invention of the Braille system.

• Louis Braille (1809-1852), who lost his sight at age three, developed the Braille system in France. His work was inspired by Charles Barbier’s “night writing” system.

• Barbier’s “night writing,” created in 1815, used 12 raised dots for silent communication by soldiers in darkness. Braille simplified this.

• The Braille system employs a 6-dot matrix to represent characters through unique dot arrangements, enabling tactile reading.

• Braille can be produced using slates, braille writers, and electronic devices, offering diverse methods of access.

• Braille remains essential for independence, particularly for individuals born blind, despite technological advancements like AI and voice technology. It fosters literacy and self-sufficiency.

NZBA

• Net-Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA): A UN-convened group of global banks committed to aligning lending, investment, and capital markets activities with net-zero emissions by 2050.
• Purpose: Climate accelerator for UNEP Financial Initiative’s Principles for Responsible Banking (PRB).
• Governance: Governed by a Steering Group (selected by member banks) and Chair, supported by UNEP FI Secretariat, and the UN. Operates under NZBA governance documents (updated August 2023 and March 2024).
• Commitments:
  • Transition lending and investment portfolios to net-zero by 2050.
  • Set 2030 and 2050 targets within 18 months of joining, with intermediary targets every 5 years from 2030.
  • Focus first 2030 targets on priority (GHG-intensive) sectors. Set further sector targets within 36 months.
  • Annually publish emissions data.
• Indian Bank Exclusion: No Indian bank is currently a member.
• UNEP’s Role: The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is the leading environmental authority in the United Nations system. UNEP uses its expertise to strengthen environmental standards and practices while helping implement environmental obligations at the country, regional, and global levels.

Dozer Push Mining

• Automated Mining: Dozer Push Mining is an unmanned, automated system designed to optimize mining operations.

• Safe Operation: It controls vibration and flyrock, keeping them within safe limits during extraction.

• CSIR-CIMFR Innovation: Developed by CSIR-CIMFR, it’s meant to make mining safer and more efficient.

• Alternative to Conventional Methods: It’s presented as a better option than standard truck-shovel or dragline mining.

• Improved Efficiency: Faster coal recovery and reduced weather-related delays enhance efficiency.

• Cost-Effective: Operational costs can be reduced by an estimated 7-10% compared to traditional methods.

• Enhanced Productivity: Better dragline utilization leads to improved productivity and lower unit costs.

• Worker Safety: Unmanned operation minimizes risks for workers associated with manual labor.

• Rat-hole mining Contrast: The provided context defines “rat-hole” mining for contrast, highlighting the innovation of Dozer Push Mining as a safer and more technologically advanced method compared to the dangerous and rudimentary practice prevalent in areas like Meghalaya.

DSIR

• 40th Foundation Day: The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) celebrated its 40th Foundation Day on January 4, 2025. This signifies four decades of contributions to India’s scientific and industrial development.

• Establishment: DSIR was established on January 4, 1985, under the Ministry of Science and Technology. This highlights its role as a key governmental body for promoting scientific advancement.

• Mandate: DSIR focuses on promoting indigenous technology development, utilization, and transfer. This is crucial for fostering self-reliance and innovation in India.

• Oversight: DSIR oversees important organizations like the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), National Research Development Corporation (NRDC), and Central Electronics Ltd (CEL). This demonstrates its influence on the scientific and industrial landscape.

• International Collaboration: DSIR supports the Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology (APCTT) under UN-ESCAP. This showcases its role in international collaboration for regional progress.

• Key Schemes:

  • PRISM: Supports innovators and MSMEs, fostering inclusive development.
  • PACE: Aids industries in developing and commercializing innovative technologies.
  • CRTDHs: Provides shared infrastructure and technology support for MSMEs.
  • A2K+: Promotes technology and innovation information dissemination.

Global Nutrition Goals

• Slow Progress on Global Nutrition Targets (GNTs): A recent Lancet study reveals insufficient progress towards achieving the GNTs set in 2012 by the World Health Assembly for 2025, concerning maternal and child malnutrition, undernutrition, and overweight. Projections indicate limited success by 2050.

• Specific Target Misses: Few countries are on track to meet stunting targets, and none are projected to meet targets for low birth weight, anemia, and childhood overweight by 2030.

• Anaemia Challenges: Anaemia remains static in India for two decades. Iron deficiency is not the sole cause; measurements vary based on blood source (venous vs. capillary). School meal cessation during COVID-19 lockdowns exacerbated anaemia.

• Stunting Issues: Stunting in India increases rapidly in the first two years. Overfeeding after age two doesn’t correct stunting. Poor fat intake (only 7g/day vs. 30-40g required).

• Rising Childhood Overweight: Globally increasing, including in India, leading to metabolic overnutrition and potential NCDs (Non-Communicable Diseases).

• Key Recommendations: Diversify diets for anaemia, prioritize stunting prevention in early years, improve fat intake for children under 3, use accurate anaemia measurement methods, and address both under- and overnutrition in policies.

• Challenges to Achieving GNTs:

  • Global: Persistent anaemia (especially in low-income areas), slow stunting reduction, rising overweight/obesity, and childhood wasting.
  • India: Limited dietary diversity (rice/wheat dominance), economic barriers to nutritious food, inadequate data, rising NCDs, and climate change impacts on food systems.

• Way Forward: Policy realignment with region-specific dietary solutions, setting national targets, strengthening resource allocation, integrating nutrition across sectors (health, food, WASH), and developing better monitoring.

• Why in News? The study highlights the urgent need for innovative strategies and policy adjustments to address slow progress on global nutrition targets and tackle persistent malnutrition issues.

CBI: No State Nod for Central Staff

• SC Ruling: The Supreme Court has ruled that the CBI doesn’t need state consent to investigate central government employees in cases under central laws like the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.
• Overturning HC Order: This decision reverses an Andhra Pradesh High Court ruling that had quashed FIRs against central employees due to lack of Telangana’s consent.
• State Consent Defined: State consent is the permission required by the CBI to investigate within a state’s jurisdiction, rooted in India’s federal structure and the division of powers.
• Legal Basis: Section 6 of the Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act, 1946 mandates CBI to obtain state consent unless directed otherwise by the judiciary or central government.
• Types of Consent: Consent can be general (blanket permission) or specific (case-by-case).
• CBI’s Mandate: CBI, established in 1963, is the nodal police agency for Interpol coordination and derives its power from the DSPE Act, 1946.
• Operates Under: CBI operates under the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances, and Pensions (under PMO).
• Supervision: The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) oversees CBI investigations under the Prevention of Corruption Act.
• Appointment of Director: The CBI Director is appointed based on recommendations by a committee including the Prime Minister, Leader of the Opposition, and Chief Justice of India and enjoys a tenure security of 2 years .

LEADS 2024

• Release of LEADS 2024 Report: The Ministry of Commerce & Industry released the 6th Logistics Ease Across Different States (LEADS) 2024 report.

• Purpose of LEADS Report: An annual assessment to foster inter-state competitiveness and guide policymakers in improving logistics performance, mirroring the World Bank’s Logistics Performance Index (LPI).

• Objectives: To evaluate logistics efficiency across states and UTs, attract investments, and pinpoint areas for reform.

• Evaluation Pillars: Assesses performance based on: Logistics Infrastructure, Logistics Services, Operating & Regulatory Environment, and Sustainable Logistics (new in 2024).

• State/UT Ranking Groups: Achievers, Fast Movers, and Aspirers, categorized by coastal, landlocked, North-Eastern states and Union Territories.

• Key Recommendations: Adoption of LEAD framework (Longevity, Efficiency & Effectiveness, Accessibility & Accountability, Digitization), promotion of green logistics, public-private partnerships for multi-modal hubs, regional/city-level logistics planning, gender inclusivity, and use of AI/ML/Data Analytics.

Methylcobalamin

• Context: The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) clarified the use of methylcobalamin (a form of Vitamin B12) in health supplements, medical applications, and nutraceuticals.

• What it is: Methylcobalamin is a form of Vitamin B12, vital for bodily functions. Its unique methyl group (-CH3) gives it distinct biochemical properties and higher bioavailability compared to other B12 forms.

• Why it Matters:

  • Many Indians are deficient, especially vegetarians due to the lack of B12 in plant-based foods.
  • Methylcobalamin is the most functional and easily absorbed form of B12.
  • It’s crucial for red blood cell production, nervous system health, energy metabolism, and DNA synthesis.

• Sources: Primarily found in animal products like fish, meat, eggs, and dairy.

KM3NeT: The Basics

• KM3NeT is a large-scale European research infrastructure in the Mediterranean Sea, housing next-generation neutrino telescopes.
• It aims to detect Cherenkov radiation produced by neutrino interactions to study these elusive particles.
• The project involves collaboration between multiple countries.
• KM3NeT comprises two main components: ARCA and ORCA.
• ARCA (offshore Sicily, Italy) will search for neutrinos from distant astrophysical sources like supernovae.
• ORCA (offshore France) will study neutrino properties using neutrinos generated in the Earth’s atmosphere.
• KM3NeT is similar to the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, but located underwater in the Mediterranean Sea instead of under Antarctic ice.
• It uses arrays of optical sensors to detect faint light from neutrino collisions.
• Neutrinos are tiny, neutral subatomic particles that rarely interact with matter, making them difficult to detect.
• IceCube is a neutrino observatory at the South Pole, detecting neutrinos to study dark matter and neutrino properties.

Novel Visas

• New E-Visas Introduced: The Ministry of Home Affairs has introduced two new visa types: ‘e-student visa’ and ‘e-student-x’.

• Eligibility – E-Student Visa: Available to international students registered on the Study in India (SII) portal and admitted to full-time programs (undergraduate, postgraduate, PhD, etc.) at recognized Indian institutions.

• Eligibility – E-Student-X Visa: For dependents of e-student visa holders.

• Visa Duration: Issued for up to five years, based on course length, and can be extended. Entry is permitted through any immigration check post.

• Study in India (SII) Portal: A Ministry of Education initiative hosting over 600 institutions and 8,000 courses. It streamlines admissions for foreign students. Programs are available at undergraduate, postgraduate, doctoral, and certification levels. Disciplines include engineering, management, agriculture, sciences, arts, humanities, law, paramedical sciences.

• E-Visa Purpose Generally: Designed to reduce bureaucratic processes and offer an alternative to traditional visas. Primarily issued for tourism.

Atomic Clocks: Explained

• Definition: An atomic clock measures time using the vibrations of atoms, specifically the oscillations of electrons in atoms.

• Accuracy: It’s the most accurate time-keeping device, with an error margin of only a few billionths of a second per day. Far more precise than conventional clocks.

• Mechanism: Uses cesium atoms due to their stability and specific vibration frequency.

• Working: A microwave cavity filled with cesium vapor is used. A microwave signal causes the cesium atoms to vibrate and emit radiation at a specific frequency. This frequency is compared to a standard to adjust timekeeping.

• Applications:

  • GPS systems: Measures signal travel time from satellites for accurate location calculation.
  • Telecommunications: Synchronizes signals in networks.
  • Scientific research: Used in experiments requiring precise timing.

• Quantum Technology Connection (Related): Quantum technology utilizes quantum mechanics principles like entanglement and superposition. It enables significant advances in computing, communication, and sensing, and while related conceptually (both dealing with atomic/subatomic scales), atomic clocks predate and are distinct from broader quantum technology applications.

Winter Char Dham

• Winter Char Dham Circuit Launched: Uttarakhand is promoting year-round tourism by launching a “Winter Char Dham” circuit.
• Objective: To attract visitors during the off-season winter months (traditionally May-November is peak season).
• Char Dham Shrines: The four revered shrines are Yamunotri, Gangotri, Kedarnath and Badrinath, located in the Garhwal Himalayas.
• Winter Abodes: During winter, the deities are moved to lower altitudes:
  • Kedarnath deity: Omkareshwar Temple in Ukhimath.
  • Badrinath deity: Pandukeshwar in Chamoli.
  • Gangotri deity: Mukhba in Uttarkashi.
  • Yamunotri deity: Kharsali in Uttarkashi.
• Char Dham Project: Aims to improve highway connectivity to Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri, and Yamunotri.
• Historical Significance: Char Dhams were established by Adi Shankaracharya.
• Advaita Vedanta: Adi Shankaracharya was an exponent of Advaita Vedanta philosophy.

Golden Jackal

• Widespread Distribution in India: Golden jackals are found across a large portion of India, from the Himalayas to the Western Ghats, highlighting their adaptability.

• Omnivorous Diet: Golden jackals are omnivores, meaning they eat both plants and animals. This diverse diet allows them to thrive in various environments.

• Habitat and Behavior: They are primarily nocturnal, especially near human settlements. They use burrows, rock crevices, or dens created by other animals for shelter. They are typically monogamous, mating for life.

• Conservation Status: Listed as “Least Concern” by the IUCN, but facing threats. The species is also listed in CITES Appendix III and Schedule I of India’s Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.

• Threats: Habitat loss due to encroachment and poor management is a significant threat to their survival.

• Ecological Role: Golden jackals play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity, particularly in mangrove and grassland ecosystems.

• Why in News: The provided content does not point to any current news. The provided information details the golden jackal species, however, there is no news within the documents provided.

Trans Rights & Concerns

• Karnataka HC Ruling (Ms. X vs State of Karnataka, 2024): Transgender individuals can change name and gender on birth certificates. This aligns with the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, and Rules, 2020.

• Case Background: Petitioner faced rejection of birth certificate update despite sex-reassignment surgery and legal recognition on other documents.

• Legal Principle: HC invoked “generalia specialibus non-derogant,” prioritizing the specific Transgender Persons Act over the general Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969.

• Significance: Emphasizes the primacy of transgender rights laws and facilitates official recognition of gender identity.

• Social Marginalization: Transgender individuals face exclusion, limiting opportunities and leading to low self-esteem.

• Discrimination in Education: Bullying, exclusion, and high dropout rates contribute to a lower literacy rate.

• Homelessness: Rejection and lack of housing options lead to vulnerability and substance abuse.

• Transphobia: Societal intolerance results in violence, harassment, and discrimination.

• Psychological Distress: Lack of support systems contributes to anxiety, depression, and suicidal thoughts.

• Public Representation: Negative portrayals perpetuate stereotypes and fuel societal rejection.

• Way Forward – Empowerment & Legal Reform: Inclusive policymaking is needed to address grievances.

• Way Forward – Access to Education: Schools must implement anti-bullying policies targeting transgender students.

• Way Forward – Addressing Social Concerns: Access to legal aid, education, and social entitlements at the grassroots level is important.

• Way Forward – Economic Opportunities: Providing financial assistance to start business ventures.

• Way Forward – Combating Transphobia: Public education campaigns to reduce intolerance.

Charge Sheet: Basics

• Definition: A chargesheet (also known as a police report or final report) is a document filed by police after completing an investigation into a cognizable or non-cognizable offense.
• Purpose: It initiates court proceedings against the accused. Prosecution proceedings starts after submission to court.
• Contents: Includes names of parties, nature of information, witness names, details of the offense, and information about the accused’s arrest and custody.
• Benefits: It contains statements from the accused and witnesses, marks the start of a trial, and clearly states the charges which helps in obtaining bail.
• Time Limit: 60 days for cases triable by lower courts, 90 days for cases triable by the Court of Sessions. Failure to file within this timeframe grants the accused the right to default bail.
• Compulsory Filing: Mandatory for cognizable offenses after an FIR is filed, unless its not a non-cognizable offence.
• Cognizable Offense: Allows police to investigate without a magistrate’s order and arrest without a warrant.
• FIR: A written document prepared by a police officer based on information about the commission of a Cognizable Offence.

Guru’s Light

• Abolition of Upper Garment Removal: Head of Sivagiri Mutt calls for ending the practice of men removing upper garments in temples, deeming it “evil.”
• Contradiction to Guru’s Principles: The Mutt head argues the practice, originally to ensure wearing of the “punool,” goes against Sree Narayana Guru’s social reform principles of equality.
• Sree Narayana Guru’s Birth & Caste: Born in 1856 in Kerala, belonging to the Ezhava caste, then considered ‘avarna’.
• Philosophy of Equality: Advocated for equality, education, and social upliftment, promoting “One Caste, One Religion, One God for All.”
• Advaita Vedanta proponent: Championed Advaita Vedanta, a non-dualistic philosophy.
• SNDP & Social Reform: Founded the Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP) to uplift marginalized communities.
• Aruvippuram Movement: Installed a Shiva idol at Aravipuram (1888), challenging caste-based restrictions on temple entry.
• Sivagiri Mutt: Established the Sivagiri Mutt in 1904.
• Literary Works: Authored important works like Advaitha Deepika, Atmavilasam, Daiva Dasakam, and Brahmavidya Panchakam.

Why in the news: The call to abolish the upper garment removal practice highlights the continuing relevance of Sree Narayana Guru’s teachings on equality and social reform in contemporary society. It shows an effort to address practices that perpetuate social hierarchies, aligning with Guru’s vision of a casteless and egalitarian society.

ONDC @ 3 Years

• 3rd Anniversary: Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) recently marked its 3rd anniversary.
• PM’s Endorsement: The Prime Minister highlighted ONDC’s transformative impact on e-commerce and its support for small businesses.
• Transaction Volume: ONDC has achieved over 15 million monthly transactions.
• Combating Monopolies: ONDC aims to counter platform monopolies and create a level playing field in e-commerce.
• Launched by DPIIT: ONDC was launched in April 2022 by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT).
• Open, Inclusive, Interoperable: ONDC aims to democratize digital commerce through an open, inclusive, and interoperable platform.
• Non-profit Company: Incorporated as a non-profit in December 2021.
• Democratization: Promotes interoperability to reduce the dominance of monopolistic e-commerce platforms.
• Cost Efficiency: Lowers costs for customer acquisition and transaction processing.
• Market Expansion: Bridges regional and linguistic gaps for wider market participation.
• Consumer Empowerment: Provides diverse product and service options to buyers with competitive pricing.
• Open Protocol: Built on open-source methodology, allowing seamless transactions across platforms.
• Role Segregation: Includes Buyer Apps, Seller Apps, Logistics Providers, and Tech Enablers.
• Sectoral Scope: Covers food, grocery, fashion, financial services, agriculture, health, and more.
• MSME Benefits: Enhances nationwide visibility for MSMEs, reduces platform reliance, and lowers operational costs.
• Startup Mahotsav: Fosters collaboration and provides opportunities for startups in logistics, IT, and seller-buyer platforms.
• Awareness Initiatives: Workshops with industry associations like FICCI and collaboration with Bhashini to enhance app development.
• “ONDC Sahayak” WhatsApp Bot: Provides information in 5 languages.
• Pilots & Expansion: Successfully piloted in cities like Bengaluru and Delhi and expanded to over 616 cities.
• Awards and Recognition: Received awards for e-Governance, “Start-up of the Year” at the 14 th India Digital Awards (IDA), and “FinTech Company of the Year.”

Kumbh Mela

• Event Dates: The Maha Kumbh Mela 2025 is scheduled from January 13, 2025, to February 26, 2025. This is crucial for devotees and organizers to plan their participation.

• Significance: Rooted in Hindu mythology, it’s a time for devotees to absolve sins and seek Moksha. This highlights the event’s deep religious and spiritual importance.

• UNESCO Recognition: Declared India’s ‘Intangible Cultural Heritage’ by UNESCO in 2017. This underscores its cultural significance and global recognition.

• Frequency and Locations: The Maha Kumbh Mela occurs every 12 years, primarily at Prayagraj. The Kumbh Mela happens every 3 years, rotating between Prayagraj, Haridwar, Ujjain, and Nashik. This defines the event’s cyclical nature and its geographical spread.

• Origin: Derived from ancient Hindu epics like the Mahabharata and Puranas, particularly the Amrit Manthan tradition. This provides historical and mythological context.

• Spiritual Benefits: Participating in the Maha Kumbh Mela is believed to offer immense spiritual benefits, including the purification of sins and attainment of salvation, drawing devotees seeking spiritual growth.

• Scale: The Maha Kumbh Mela is one of the largest religious gatherings globally, with an estimated 40 crore devotees. This emphasizes its massive scale and global impact.

Vedanta

• Context: The Vice-President inaugurated the 27th International Congress of Vedanta at JNU, highlighting its continued relevance.

• Definition: Vedanta, from Sanskrit, means “culmination of knowledge,” representing a major orthodox school of Indian philosophy. It aims to understand ultimate reality, human existence, and the self.

• Origin: Rooted in the Upanishads, philosophical interpretations of the Vedas. Initially referring to the end sections of the Vedas, it now signifies the philosophical essence of Vedic texts.

• Sacred Texts: Primarily, the Upanishads, Brahma Sutras, and the Bhagavad Gita.

• Core Concepts:

  • Brahman: The ultimate, unchanging, and eternal reality.
  • Atman: The individual soul, considered identical to Brahman in Advaita Vedanta.
  • Maya: The illusory power that creates the perception of the material world and duality.
  • Moksha: Liberation from the cycle of birth and death, achieved through self-realization and union with Brahman.

• Philosophical Schools: Vedanta encompasses diverse schools, including:

  • Advaita Vedanta: (Non-dualism) by Adi Shankaracharya, emphasizing Brahman as the only reality, with the world being an illusion (Maya).
  • Vishishtadvaita: (Qualified Non-dualism) by Ramanujacharya, positing a Brahman with qualities.
  • Dvaita: (Dualism) by Madhvacharya, asserting a real distinction between God and individual souls.
  • Other Schools: Shuddhadvaita by Vallabhacharya and Achintya Bheda Abheda by Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.

Osteoporosis: Basics

• Osteoporosis weakens bones: It reduces bone density, making them fragile and prone to fractures. This is important because it highlights the core issue – weakened bones susceptible to breaking.

• Often undiagnosed until fracture: Many people don’t know they have osteoporosis until a bone breaks. This emphasizes the “silent” nature of the disease and the need for awareness/screening.

• Common fracture sites: Hips, wrists, and spine are the most frequently affected areas. Knowing these locations helps focus preventative measures and diagnostic attention.

• Imbalance in bone remodeling: Osteoporosis happens when new bone creation lags behind old bone loss. This explains the underlying biological process driving the disease.

• Silent disease, fractures are primary indicator: Osteoporosis often presents without noticeable symptoms until a fracture occurs. This reinforces the need for proactive detection.

• Late-stage symptoms include: Back pain, height loss, stooped posture, and easy fractures are signs of advanced osteoporosis. Recognizing these helps in identifying established cases.

• Treatment involves multiple approaches: Lifestyle changes (diet & exercise), supplements (calcium & vitamin D), and medications are used to manage the condition. This shows the multifaceted approach to managing the disease.

• Vitamin D is crucial for bone health: It regulates calcium and phosphate, essential for bone strength. This connects Vitamin D deficiency to potential bone problems like osteoporosis.

China’s Mega-Dam: Implications

• China’s Mega-Dam Project: China is moving forward with a massive hydropower dam on the Brahmaputra River in Tibet (Yarlung Zangbo).

• Strategic Significance: The project is significant given the ongoing land boundary dispute between China and India and the resulting strategic competition in the Brahmaputra river basin.

• Transboundary River Issues: The Brahmaputra flows through multiple countries. The absence of binding international water agreements complicates water management and dispute resolution.

• Dam-Building Race: Both China and India are building large dams, raising concerns about a “dam-building race” on the river.

• Impacts on Communities & Ecology: Mega-dams disrupt communities’ traditional knowledge and increase disaster risks. Blocking the river’s flow affects water levels, agriculture, biodiversity, and climate patterns.

• Risk-scape: The construction of multiple dams creates an active risk-scape.

• Historical Context: The 1950 earthquake in Medog highlights the potential for disastrous downstream effects, including flooding.

• Way Forward: A bioregional approach and collaborative agreements between riparian countries are crucial for sustainable development and risk mitigation.

Smart City Audits

• Call for Third-Party Audits: A parliamentary committee wants independent assessments of Smart Cities Mission (SCM) projects, particularly in smaller cities.

• Why: To identify and address implementation gaps.

• Assessment & Transparency: Unbiased evaluations of SCM progress and impact leading to improvement in trust.

• Evidence-Based Policy: Expertise of Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) can be applied to other initiatives like AMRUT and DAY-NULM.

• Addressing Disparities: Highlights challenges faced by smaller cities vs. larger ones in project execution and tailors plans for tier 2 cities.

• Strengthening ULBs: Identifies ways to boost urban planning and governance for Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).

• Future Planning & Sustainability: Valuable insights for future phases of SCM, promotes integrated urban development.

• Challenges addressed:

  • Cost and Funding: Projects delayed due to fund issues.
  • Displacement and Social Impact: Execution led to displacement of residents in poorer areas, such as street vendors
  • Delay in Project Completion: Significant incomplete projects.
  • Privacy and Data Security: Ensuring robust cybersecurity, safeguarding privacy, and implementing clear data governance policies.
  • Lack of Coordination: Hindered implementation due to differences in priorities.
  • Sustainability Concerns: Doubts about the long-term sustainability.

• Way Forward:

  • Addressing Funding Issue:Transparent fund allocation and regular monitoring.
  • Capacity Building: Strengthening ULBs for restructuring and skill development
  • Timely Project Completion: Prioritize detailed planning.
  • Ensuring Data Security: Comprehensive data protection policy.
  • Sustainability and Long-Term Planning: Prioritize sustainability by integrating environmental, social, and economic considerations in planning.

• Conclusion: Third-party assessments and capacity-building in smaller cities highlight the need for robust mechanisms in the Smart Cities Mission.

Arunachal Religion Act

• News: Arunachal Pradesh government is framing rules to finally implement the Arunachal Pradesh Freedom of Religion Act, 1978, nearly 46 years after its enactment.

• Purpose: To address concerns about forceful religious conversions in the state and safeguard traditional indigenous religious practices.

• Key Definition: Explicitly recognizes indigenous faiths (Buddhism, Nature Worship like Donyi-Polo, Vaishnavism) practiced by native communities as religions.

• Prohibition: Prohibits religious conversion through force or coercion.

• Punishment: Up to 2 years imprisonment and a fine of Rs. 10,000 for forced conversions.

• Mandatory Reporting: Requires reporting any religious conversion to the Deputy Commissioner.

• Revival Push: A Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in 2022, intervention from the Gauhati High Court and support from organizations like IFCSAP prompted the state to finalize implementation rules.

• Context: Enacted during a period of rapid social and cultural change in Arunachal Pradesh.

• Conversion Rates: Some districts have seen conversion rates as high as 90% prompting for protections of indigenous beliefs, the Christian population increased significantly between 1971 and 2011.

CAPF Suicide Crisis

• High Suicide Rates: 654 CAPF personnel died by suicide between 2018 and 2022, highlighting a critical issue.
• CISF Success: CISF reduced its suicide rate by 40% from 2023 to 2024, demonstrating potential for improvement.
• Stressful Deployments: Constant postings in hostile areas without sufficient breaks cause mental fatigue. Lack of “peace postings” compared to the Army is a factor.
• Family Separation: Long periods away from family lead to emotional strain and difficulties in handling family matters.
• Mental Health Stigma: Limited mental health support and fear of ridicule discourage personnel from seeking help.
• Career Progression Issues: Limited promotion opportunities and reservation of higher ranks for IPS officers contribute to demotivation.
• Lack of Job Satisfaction: Disparities in healthcare and canteen access compared to the Army, coupled with NPS, decrease job satisfaction.
• Easy Access to Firearms: Availability of service weapons increases the risk of impulsive acts during distress.
• Government Initiatives: MHA task force identified risk factors (working, service conditions, personal issues). CRPF’s SAMBHAV app streamlines leave. Mental health counselors and buddy systems are being implemented. CISF’s Mental Health Championship Program and Project Mann offer support. BSF partnered with AIIMS for counseling.
• Way Forward: Workload management through peaceful postings, improving promotion opportunities, strengthening family support programs, policy flexibility, and skill development for post-retirement life are crucial.

Europa: NASA’s Missions

• Thicker Ice Crust on Europa: Recent data from NASA’s Juno spacecraft indicates Europa’s ice crust is around 35 km thick.

  • Why important: This thickness could limit the heat and chemical reactions needed for life in the ocean beneath the ice, potentially impacting the search for extraterrestrial life.

• Impact on Europa Clipper: The thick ice crust poses a challenge to the Europa Clipper mission’s goal of investigating the moon for ingredients for life.

  Join Our Telegram Channel
  • Why important: The mission needs to understand the ice thickness and ocean characteristics to assess Europa’s habitability.

• Juno Mission Details: Launched in 2011, Juno studies Jupiter’s origins, composition, and magnetic field.

  • Why important: Juno’s data provides crucial insights into the Jovian system, aiding in understanding Europa’s environment.

• Europa Clipper Mission Details: Launched on October 14, 2024, aims to conduct detailed reconnaissance of Europa through close flybys.

  • Why important: The mission’s objectives include determining ice thickness, ocean characteristics, surface composition, and habitability, all crucial for assessing Europa’s potential to support life.

Hydrogel Cancer Therapy

• Injectable hydrogel for localized cancer treatment: Researchers have developed a hydrogel that can be injected directly into tumors.

• Controlled drug release: The hydrogel acts as a reservoir, releasing anti-cancer drugs in a controlled manner over time. This is important for maintaining therapeutic drug levels and reducing the frequency of injections.

• Targeted drug delivery: The hydrogel releases drugs specifically in response to high glutathione (GSH) levels, which are found in abundance in tumor cells. This targets the cancer cells while minimizing exposure of healthy tissues to the drugs.

• Reduced side effects: By targeting drug delivery, the hydrogel aims to minimize harm to healthy cells, leading to fewer side effects compared to conventional chemotherapy and surgery.

• Biocompatible and biodegradable: The hydrogel is made of biocompatible and biodegradable ultra-short peptides, ensuring it is safe for use in the body and will eventually break down naturally.

• Improved treatment precision: The localized drug delivery ensures that the drug is concentrated at the tumor site, improving the precision of the treatment.

• Hydrogels mimic living tissues: The hydrogels have water-based, three-dimensional structure mimics living tissues.

Mucuna bracteata

• Mucuna bracteata is an invasive leguminous vine, initially introduced to rubber plantations as a cover crop for weed control, drought tolerance, and nitrogen regulation.
• It is now proliferating in parts of the Western Ghats, including Kaliyal, Kadayalumoodu, Aarukani, Kodayar, and Kulasekaram.
• Originally intended to protect rubber trees, it has become a threat by overpowering and covering trees, hindering their growth.
• It is overtaking large areas, particularly in the Kodayar region, and climbing over native trees, affecting their development.
• The spread is concerning because many affected regions border the buffer zone of the Kalakkad-Mundanthurai tiger reserve (a critical tiger habitat).
• Abandoned rubber plantations in the rainforests of Kanniyakumari serve as a primary habitat for this invasive species.
• Other invasive plants in the area include Lantana and Parthenium.
• Leguminous crops are part of the pea family. They have rhizobium bacteria-hosting root nodules which helps to increase soil nitrogen content.

Panchayat to Parliament 2.0

• “Panchayat Se Parliament 2.0” Launched: NCW, Lok Sabha Secretariat, and Ministry of Tribal Affairs collaborate on program.

• Focus on Tribal Women Leaders: Empowers 502 elected women representatives from Scheduled Tribes across 22 states/UTs from Panchayati Raj institutions.

• Commemorating Birsa Munda: Celebrates the 150th birth anniversary of the tribal leader and freedom fighter.

• Empowerment Through Knowledge: Aims to enhance understanding of constitutional provisions, parliamentary procedures, and governance.

• Recognizing Contributions: Acknowledges the work of these representatives in education and rural development.

• Educational Experiences: Includes workshops, sessions, and tours of Parliament House, Samvidhan Sadan, Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya, and Rashtrapati Bhawan.

• Constitutional Affirmation: Lok Sabha Speaker will lead delegates in reading the Preamble to the Constitution.

• Building on Previous Success: Follows the “Panchayat Se Parliament 2024” initiative.

• Who was Birsa Munda? Tribal freedom fighter who played a pivotal role in the Indian independence movement.He belonged to the Munda tribe in the Chhotanagpur Plateau area.

Banihal Bypass

• Banihal Bypass Inaugurated: A new 2.35 km, four-lane bypass to Banihal town in Jammu & Kashmir has been opened.

• Addresses Traffic Congestion: The bypass resolves chronic traffic bottlenecks in Banihal town, caused by roadside markets and shops on the Ramban-Banihal section of NH-44.

  Subscribe on YouTube

• Key Infrastructure: Features 4 viaducts (totaling 1,513 meters) and 3 culverts for smooth traffic flow.

• Strategic Importance: Improves travel for tourists and defense vehicles heading to the Kashmir Valley by reducing travel time and congestion.

• Cost: The project cost Rs 224.44 crore.

• NH-44 Significance: The bypass is located on NH-44, India’s longest national highway (3,745 km), connecting Srinagar to Kanyakumari and traversing 11 states.

Hazardous Waste Control

• Bhopal Gas Tragedy Anniversary: The removal of hazardous waste from the abandoned Union Carbide factory in Bhopal, four decades after the 1984 disaster, highlights the ongoing challenges of managing toxic legacies. The tragedy involved a leak of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas, resulting in thousands of deaths and long-term health issues for many more.

• Hazardous Waste Definition: Hazardous waste is defined as waste that poses a threat to health or the environment due to its toxic, flammable, reactive, or corrosive characteristics.

• Sources of Hazardous Waste: Generated through chemical production and consumption, the use of outdated technologies by SMEs, and post-treatment processes.

• Hazardous Waste Regulations: Governed by the Environment Protection Act, 1986 and Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 (amended multiple times). India is also a signatory to the Basel Convention, 1992, aiming to reduce the international movement of hazardous waste.

• Waste Generation in India: India generates 7.66 million tonnes of hazardous waste annually, with a majority coming from Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, and Chhattisgarh. Chemical production and metal processing are major contributors.

• Hazardous Waste Disposal Methods: Include co-processing (using waste as alternative raw materials or fuels), material and energy recovery (recovering materials and energy), incineration (burning waste at high temperatures), and pyrolysis (thermal decomposition in the absence of oxygen).

• Conclusion: The Bhopal Gas Tragedy underscores the importance of strong regulatory compliance, technological advancements, and effective remediation strategies for hazardous waste management in India.

Europa Facts

• Discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610: This historical context establishes Europa as one of the first celestial objects observed beyond our immediate surroundings, sparking initial scientific curiosity.

• One of Jupiter’s Galilean Moons: Categorizes Europa within the Jovian system, crucial for understanding its gravitational interactions and potential tidal heating mechanisms.

• Rocky Composition with Icy Surface: Highlights Europa’s unique geology, key to understanding its potential habitability. The smooth, patterned ice suggests subsurface activity.

• Slightly Smaller Than Earth’s Moon: Provides a size comparison for context, aiding in visualizing Europa’s scale.

• Potential for Subsurface Ocean: This is a central reason for current scientific interest. A saltwater ocean containing twice as much water as Earth’s oceans makes it a prime candidate for life.

• Key Chemical Elements for Life: Reinforces the potential habitability argument. The presence of these elements is essential for the formation and sustenance of life as we know it.

• Observed by Voyager and Galileo Missions: These past missions provided crucial initial data, paving the way for more in-depth exploration.

• Europa Clipper Mission (Launched Oct. 14, 2024): NASA’s dedicated mission signals the high priority of investigating Europa’s habitability. Its primary goal is to identify potentially life-supporting environments below the surface.

• Satellite Definition: Reinforces that a satellite is any object that orbits a planet or star

Nanopore Sequencing

• Nanopore Technology Defined: Uses nano-scale holes in a membrane to detect changes as charged biological molecules (DNA, RNA, amino acids) pass through.

  Join Our Telegram Channel

• Mechanism: Sequences DNA/RNA by measuring changes in electrical conductivity as molecules translocate through the nanopore.

• Advantages:

  • Cheaper than other sequencing methods.
  • Easy to use.
  • Minimal infrastructure needed.
  • Requires small DNA sample.
  • Real-time analysis.
  • Scalable (pocket to population).
  • Analyzes native DNA/RNA.
  • Sequences any fragment length (short to ultra-long reads).
  • Enables targeted sequencing.

• Nanotechnology Context: Nanopore technology relies on nanotechnology, which involves manipulating matter at the 1-100 nanometer scale to create novel applications.

• Potential Impact: A “game-changer” for early disease detection due to its ability to analyze single molecules and its various advantages over other sequencing methods.

Cowpea Quick Facts

• What it is: Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is an annual legume (pea family) with edible seeds.

• Appearance: Has long vines and seeds that are black, white, or red. Leaves are compound with three leaflets.

• Origin: Southern Africa, later spread to East/West Africa and Asia.

• Nutritional Value: Seeds contain 25% protein, plus vitamins and minerals. Vitamins are essential for cell function, growth and development. There are 13 essential vitamins.

• Growing Conditions: Drought-tolerant, grows in various soils (well-drained loam preferred), and enriches soil as a legume. Sandy soil helps early maturing in colder climates. Tolerates shade.

• Agricultural practices: Often intercropped by small farmers in developing countries. Its quick growth prevents soil erosion.

• Global Production: West Africa dominates production and consumption (87%), with Nigeria as the largest producer (46%).

• Indian Context: A minor pulse mainly grown in arid and semi-arid areas of certain states.

Narahari Tirtha

• Statue Discovered: A statue of Saint Narahari Tirtha was discovered in the Simhachalam Temple.
• Dvaita Philosopher: Narahari Tirtha was a 13th-century Dvaita Vedanta philosopher and a disciple of Madhvacharya.
• Spread of Dvaita in Eastern India: He played a vital role in propagating Dvaita philosophy, particularly in Kalinga (modern Odisha and Andhra Pradesh).
• Association with Eastern Ganga Dynasty: Epigraphical evidence suggests he assisted the kings of the Eastern Ganga dynasty for three decades.
• Temple Administration: He helped the king follow Sanatana Dharma and oversaw temple administration, documented in inscriptions at Simhachalam and Srikurmam temples.
• Secular Vaishnavism: He solidified the following of Vaishnavism (introduced by Ramanuja) in the region in a secular manner.
• Literary Works: He wrote fifteen books, with only Gita Bhasya and Bhavaprakasika surviving today.
• Devaranama Composer: He is considered the first composer of Devaranamas in Kannada.
• Art Form Influence: He propagated Yakshagana Bayalata and Kuchipudi art forms.
• Consecration: Upon his death, he was consecrated near Chakratirtha at Hampi.
• Puri Jagannath Connection: His contributions are linked to Puri Jagannath temple traditions, strengthening Madhva influence in Odisha.

Export Inspection Council

• Mandatory Certification: EIC provides mandatory certification for specific food items like fish, dairy, honey, eggs, meat, and related products to ensure quality and safety for export. Why: This is crucial for maintaining international trade standards and consumer safety in importing countries.

• Voluntary Certification: EIC also offers voluntary certification for other food and non-food products. Why: Allows exporters to demonstrate quality and gain a competitive edge, even if not legally required.

  Subscribe on YouTube

• Extensive Network: EIAs operate in major cities (Mumbai, Kolkata, Kochi, Delhi, Chennai) with sub-offices and NABL-accredited laboratories. Why: Provides widespread access to testing and certification services for exporters across India.

• Role: Ensures exported products meet the quality and safety requirements of importing nations as mandated by the Export (Quality Control and Inspection) Act, 1963. Why: Protects India’s reputation as a reliable exporter and avoids trade barriers.

• Establishment: Established by the Government of India under the Export (Quality Control and Inspection) Act, 1963. Why: Highlights the government’s commitment to export quality control.

• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Why: Shows the link to government trade policy.

• Executive Head: Director of Inspection & Quality Control oversees daily functions. Why: Indicates a dedicated leadership focused on operational efficiency.

Tularemia

• Rabbit Fever (Tularemia) is on the rise: A rare, potentially deadly infectious disease is seeing increased occurrence.

• Cause: The bacterium Francisella tularensis is the culprit, affecting both animals and humans.

• High-Risk Groups: Children (5-9 years), older men, and American Indians/Alaska Natives are more susceptible.

• Transmission: Multiple routes of infection exist like Tick and deer fly bites, contact with infected animals (rabbits, rodents, hares), contaminated water, inhaling contaminated aerosols/dust, laboratory exposure.

• Symptoms Vary: Manifestations depend on how the bacteria enters the body, including skin ulcers, eye irritation/inflammation, breathing difficulties, sore throat, and mouth ulcers. High fever is a common symptom.

• Treatment: Antibiotics are effective in treating tularemia.

• Vaccine Availability: A tularemia vaccine is currently unavailable in the U.S.

Quadrantids

• Annual Meteor Shower: The Quadrantids occur every year in early January.
• Intense but Brief Peak: Known for being one of the most intense annual meteor showers, but its peak activity lasts only a few hours.
• Origin of Name: Named after the obsolete constellation Quadrans Muralis.
• Observed Since the 1830s: First observed in the 1830s by Belgian astronomer Adolphe Quetelet.
• Source: Believed to originate from asteroid 2003 EH1, thought to be a fragment of a broken-down comet (extinct comet).
• Peak Activity: Can produce 60 to 120 meteors per hour at its peak.
• Visibility Factors: Visibility depends heavily on location and timing.
• Prime Viewing Location (2025): North America, particularly Mississippi, will have the best viewing conditions.
• Other Possible Viewing Locations: Canada, parts of Northern Europe, Russia, China, Japan, and Korea may also witness the shower.
• Constellation definition: A constellation is a group of stars perceived to form a recognizable pattern from Earth.

Veeramangai

• Rani Velu Nachiyar Birth Anniversary: Prime Minister recently commemorated her birth anniversary.
• Early Life and Training: Born January 3, 1730, princess of Ramanathapuram, only child to Raja Chellamuthu vijayaragunatha Sethupathy and Rani Sakandhimuthal. Married the prince of Sivaganga at 16.
• Veeramangai: Known as Veeramangai by Tamils.
• Martial Prowess and Scholarship: Trained in weaponry, martial arts including Valari and Silambam (stick fighting), horse riding, and archery. Also a scholar proficient in English, French, and Urdu.
• First Queen to Fight the British: Collaborated with Hyder Ali and Gopala Nayaker to successfully wage war against the British.
• 1780 Administration: Granted administrative powers to the Marudu brothers in 1780.
• Silambam Defined: Silambam is an ancient martial art in Tamil Nadu, supported by Pandyas, Cholas and Cheras.

Yellow Catfish

• Endemic to Chalakudy River: The Black-collared Yellow Catfish (likely Horabagrus nigricollaris, though not explicitly stated) is only found in the Chalakudy River in Kerala, India.

• Endangered Status: Classified as Endangered by the IUCN, highlighting its vulnerability to extinction.

• Captive Breeding Success: Researchers have successfully bred the first generation of the fish in captivity, starting in 2020. This is significant because developing the protocol will help in the conservation of the species. The development of the protocol would ensure the preservation of biodiversity in the Western Ghats.

• Unique Characteristics: The fish is identifiable by its greenish-brown mottled coloration, shorter barbels, and distinct genetic traits.

• Coexistence with Another Endangered Species: It shares its habitat with another endangered catfish, Horabagrus Nigricollaris.

• NBFGR Role: The National Bureau for Fish Genetic Resources (NBFGR) is involved in the conservation effort. NBFGR aims to research and conserve fish genetic resources for protection, utilization, and future generations.

• Aquaculture significance: Aquaculture (cultivation of aquatic organisms in controlled environments) is important in the context of conserving endangered species like the Black-collared Yellow Catfish.

Polavaram: A Mega Project

• Project Overview: Polavaram is a multi-purpose irrigation project on the Godavari River in Andhra Pradesh, aiming to address water scarcity, improve agriculture, and generate power.

• Spillway Capacity: The project’s spillway is designed to have the world’s highest discharge capacity (50 lakh cusecs), exceeding China’s Three Gorges Dam.

• National Project Status: The project holds national project status from the central government.

• Objectives: Aims to irrigate 4,36,825 ha, generate 960 MW of hydropower, supply drinking water to 28.50 lakh people in 611 villages, and divert 80 TMC of water to the Krishna River. It will also help in flood management.

• IIT-H Study: Telangana plans to involve IIT-Hyderabad experts to assess the project’s impact on the Godavari River.

Thorium Power

• Strategic Partnership: NTPC (India) and CCTE (US) collaborate to develop and deploy ANEEL, a thorium-based fuel.

• ANEEL Fuel: A blend of thorium and HALEU (High Assay Low Enriched Uranium), designed for PHWRs (Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors). Named after Dr. Anil Kakodkar.

• Why ANEEL?

  • Compatibility: ANEEL can be used in existing Indian PHWRs.
  • Ease of Deployment: Offers a quicker route to thorium utilization compared to traditional methods.

• ANEEL Benefits:

  • Efficiency: Significantly higher burn-up efficiency compared to natural uranium.
  • Waste Reduction: Reduces fuel bundle requirements and waste volume.
  • Non-Proliferation: Thorium and spent ANEEL fuel are non-weaponizable.
  • Economic & Environmental: Reduces operating costs and aligns with clean energy goals.

• Thorium Reactors:

  • Fuel: Use thorium-232, a fertile material, along with a fissile material like uranium-235 or plutonium-239.
  • Advantages: Less long-lived radioactive waste, enhanced safety, recycling potential, and efficient fuel utilization.
  • Challenges: High extraction costs, dependence on fissile materials, and limited operational experience.

• India’s 3-Stage Nuclear Program:

  • Goal: To utilize India’s thorium reserves.
  • Stages: PHWRs (Uranium) -> FBRs (Plutonium & breed U-233) -> Thorium-based reactors (U-233 & Thorium).

• Significance for India’s Energy Strategy: ANEEL provides a pathway to utilize India’s abundant thorium reserves, contributing to energy security and sustainability. The 3-stage program envisions a gradual transition to thorium-based power generation for long-term energy needs.

LEADS 2024

• LEADS 2024: 6th Edition. This report, inspired by the World Bank’s Logistics Performance Index, assesses logistics efficiency across Indian states and UTs.

• Four Key Pillars Evaluated. The report benchmarks states on Logistics Infrastructure, Logistics Services, Operating & Regulatory Environment, and Sustainable Logistics.

• Focus on Initiatives and Opportunities. LEADS 2024 spotlights state-level actions and identifies areas for improvement to aid informed decision-making.

• Coastal Group Achievers: Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu lead in coastal logistics performance.

• Landlocked Group Achievers: Haryana, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand are top performers in landlocked states.

• North-Eastern Group Achievers: Assam and Arunachal Pradesh stand out in the North-Eastern region.

• Union Territories Achievers: Chandigarh and Delhi are recognized as achievers among UTs.

• Sustainable Logistics Emphasized. This edition includes Sustainable Logistics as a key pillar, reflecting the importance of environmentally responsible practices. It balances operational efficiency with environmental responsibility, minimizing the environmental impact of logistics processes.

Royal Banded Beauty

• Banded Royal Butterfly Spotted: The Banded Royal Butterfly ( Rachana jalindra ), a species of lycaenid or blue butterfly, has been observed, indicating its presence in its habitat.

• Habitat: The butterfly is typically found in forests, especially near the Western Ghats, Northeast India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, and Malaysia, preferring dense vegetation.

• Subspecies: Three subspecies exist in India: R. j. macantia, R. j. tarpina, and R. j. indra. R. j. indra has been recorded from Assam, Meghalaya, and Jharkhand.

• Appearance: Males exhibit a purple or bluish sheen with dark brown borders, while females are more brownish with white markings on the upper side. The underside is pale brown with distinct white bands.

• Legal Protection: The butterfly is protected under Schedule II of the Indian Wildlife (Protected) Act, 1972. This means it is recognized as needing protection due to potential threats.

• Sepahijala Wildlife Sanctuary (SWL) Context: SWL in Tripura, spanning 18.53 sq.km, houses diverse fauna and flora, including primates, carnivores, and various plant species. The sanctuary indirectly supports the butterfly by contributing to biodiversity and habitat conservation.

Crop Insurance Expansion

• Extension of Crop Insurance Schemes: The Union Cabinet has approved the continuation of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) and Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (RWBCIS) until 2025-26.

• Why: This extension ensures continued financial protection for farmers against crop losses due to unforeseen events, safeguarding their livelihoods.

• Fund for Innovation and Technology (FIAT): Creation of FIAT with a corpus of ₹824.77 crore to fund technological initiatives (YES-TECH and WINDS) under crop insurance scheme.

• Why: This promotes transparency, accuracy in claim calculation and faster claim settlements using technology in crop insurance schemes.

• Yield Estimation System using Technology (YES-TECH): Uses remote sensing for yield estimation, giving technology-based estimates a minimum 30% weightage.

• Why: Aims to enhance the accuracy of yield assessments, leading to more fair and timely insurance payouts.

• Weather Information and Network Data Systems (WINDS): Focuses on installing automatic weather stations at the block level and rain gauges at the panchayat level.

• Why: Enhances the availability of hyper-local weather data, improving the precision of weather-based crop insurance payouts.

• PMFBY Details: A central sector scheme providing comprehensive crop insurance from pre-sowing to post-harvest, covering food crops, oilseeds and annual commercial/horticultural crops.

• Why: Provides financial security to all farmers, including sharecroppers and tenant farmers, against crop failures due to diverse risks.

ODK Platform

• Open Data Kit (ODK) Platform: Used by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) for secure data collection and management. The CAG employs ODK to enhance transparency and accountability in government spending and schemes.

• Functionality: ODK enables the CAG to design, collect, and manage data efficiently.

• Key Features:

  • Integrated with CAG’s operating system (OIOS).
  • End-to-end encryption for data security.
  • Facilitates the collection of information to identify problem areas for further review.
  • Supports multilingual surveys.

• Benefits:

  • Beneficiary surveys using ODK inform audit planning and provide audit evidence.
  • Deployed to gauge patient satisfaction during AIIMS audits (e.g., Mangalagiri, Bibinagar).

• Encryption: Protects data by scrambling it using mathematical models, accessible only with the correct key. Ensures data confidentiality and integrity.

Blue Baby Syndrome Explained

• Blue Baby Syndrome (cyanosis) causes a blue or purple skin tint in babies due to poorly oxygenated blood.

• Causes include congenital heart defects, environmental factors (like nitrates in water), genetic factors and acquired methemoglobinemia.

• Nitrate-contaminated water is a common cause of acquired methemoglobinemia, leading to the syndrome.

• Symptoms include blue discoloration around the mouth, hands, and feet, difficulty breathing, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, increased salivation, loss of consciousness, and seizures. Severe cases can be fatal.

• Treatment varies based on the cause. Congenital heart defects may require surgery. Methylene blue injections can treat severe cases.

• Methylene blue is a synthetic dye and medication used across various fields.

North Sea

• Context: Former U.S. President Donald Trump advocated for opening up the North Sea and eliminating windmills, via social media.

• Decline in Oil Production: Oil production in the North Sea has significantly decreased from its peak of 4.4 million barrels of oil equivalent per day to around 1.3 million boe/d.

• Geographical Significance: The North Sea is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, bordering several European countries and is a vital route for maritime trade.

• Economic Importance: It is a crucial location for fishing, oil and gas production, shipping, and increasingly, renewable energy (wind farms).

• Recent Developments:

  • U.S. oil and gas producer Apache plans to exit the North Sea by the end of 2029, anticipating a 20% year-over-year production drop in 2025.
  • The British government increased the windfall tax on North Sea oil and gas producers to 38%.

• Industry Response: North Sea producers have cautioned that the higher tax rate might result in reduced investments and exits from the aging basin.

PensionPay Central

• Centralized Pension Payment System (CPPS) Implementation: EPFO is implementing CPPS to centralize pension disbursement for its over 7.85 million pensioners.
• Seamless Pension Access: Pensioners can access their pension from any bank/branch nationwide, eliminating geographical restrictions.
• Streamlined Process: Aims to simplify payments, remove physical verification needs, and ensure smooth pension disbursement.
• Decentralized System Shift: Moves away from the current decentralized system where each EPFO office has agreements with limited banks.
• Convenience for Pensioners: Beneficiaries can withdraw from any bank, eliminating verification visits, and receive immediate credit.
• Eliminates PPO Transfers: Pension disbursement occurs seamlessly across India, without needing to transfer Pension Payment Orders (PPOs) when a pensioner relocates or changes banks.
• EPFO Structure: A statutory body under the Ministry of Labour and Employment, governed by a tripartite board (government, employers, employees).
• EPFO Schemes: Administers the Employees’ Provident Funds Scheme (EPF), Employees’ Pension Scheme (EPS), and Employees’ Deposit Linked Insurance Scheme (EDLI).
• Employees’ Deposit Linked Insurance Scheme, 1976 (EDLI) The EDLI scheme was launched in 1976 to provide insurance benefits to members of EPFO. The main objective of EPFO behind this scheme was to ensure that the family of members get financial assistance in case of death of the member.

HMPV

• Emerging Respiratory Virus: Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory virus gaining attention, causing cold-like symptoms.

• Similar to RSV: It belongs to the same virus family as Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), measles, and mumps, raising concerns about potential outbreaks.

• Seasonal Pattern: HMPV typically circulates in winter and early spring, aligning with other respiratory viruses.

• Vulnerable Populations: Children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals are at higher risk of severe complications like bronchitis and pneumonia.

• Common Symptoms: Symptoms include cough, runny nose, sore throat, fever, and wheezing, mimicking the common cold. Incubation period is 3-6 days.

• Transmission: Spreads easily through respiratory droplets (coughs, sneezes) and contaminated surfaces, similar to how colds and flu spread.

• No Specific Treatment: There is no specific antiviral medication or vaccine for HMPV, relying on supportive care. Antibiotics are ineffective.

• Focus on Prevention: Emphasis should be on preventive measures like handwashing and avoiding close contact with infected individuals.

• Pneumonia Risk: HMPV can lead to pneumonia, an infection inflaming air sacs in the lungs, causing cough with phlegm, fever and breathing difficulty.

AICTE: 2025 AI Year

• AICTE’s “Year of AI” (2025): The All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) has declared 2025 as the “Year of Artificial Intelligence.”

• Goal: Global AI Leadership: The primary objective is to establish India as a global leader in the field of Artificial Intelligence.

• Impact: Extensive Reach: This initiative will affect over 14,000 colleges and 40 million students.

• Key Strategies for AI Integration: Updated curricula, faculty workshops, and collaborations with AI companies are planned to integrate AI into higher education.

• Core Initiative Elements: AI affirmation pledge, comprehensive AI integration, AI awareness campaigns, faculty development, industry partnerships, and recognition of excellence.

• Government Support for Consumer Protection: The government is launching AI-enabled tools and safety measures like the National Consumer Helpline, e-maap portal, Jago Grahak Jago mobile application, and guidelines to regulate deceptive marketing.

• AICTE’s Role: As a statutory body under the Ministry of Education, AICTE is responsible for technical education at the national level, enabling it to drive the initiative.

Periyar Memorial

• Renovated Memorial Inaugurated: The renovated Thanthai Periyar memorial in Vaikom was recently inaugurated by the Chief Ministers of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
• Significance of Location: Vaikom is historically important as the site of the Vaikom Satyagraha, where Periyar played a crucial role.
• Honoring Thanthai Periyar: The memorial commemorates the contributions of E.V. Ramasami Naicker, known as Thanthai Periyar, a Tamil reformist.
• Vaikom Satyagraha Leader: Periyar’s involvement in the Vaikom Satyagraha, a movement for the rights of ‘untouchable’ communities, led to his imprisonment and the title “Vaikom Veeran.”
• Memorial Features: The renovated memorial includes a library and materials detailing Periyar’s life, the Dravidian movement, and his interactions with other leaders.
• Vaikom Satyagraha Details: The Vaikom Satyagraha (1924-1925), led by T.K. Madhavan, K.P. Kesava Menon, and K. Kelappan, was a peaceful protest against caste discrimination.
• Periyar’s Contributions: Periyar started the Self-Respect Movement and Dravidar Kazhagam and is known as the “Father of the Dravidian movement.”

POK Sanskrit Find

• Sanskrit Inscription Found in POK: A 4th-century CE Sanskrit inscription, written in Brahmi script, was discovered near Gilgit in Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir (POK).

• Content of Inscription: The inscription mentions “Pushpasingha” installing a Mahesvaralinga to honor his guru.

• Importance of Historical Inscriptions:

  Subscribe on YouTube
  • Primary Historical Sources: Inscriptions are authentic and direct sources for reconstructing ancient Indian history, free from later biases.
  • Political History: Provide details about rulers, dynasties, conquests, and administration.
  • Administrative Systems: Offer insights into revenue systems, land grants, and taxation.
  • Linguistic Evolution: Document the development of languages, scripts, and literary styles.
  • Socio-Economic Structures: Reveal details about trade practices, societal norms, and economic transactions.
  • Religious Practices: Shed light on ancient religions, temple construction, rituals, and royal patronage.

• Examples of Important Inscriptions:

  • Junagarh Inscription: Details Rudradaman’s achievements and Sudarshana Lake dam construction.
  • Bhitari Pillar Inscription: Chronicles Skandagupta’s victory against the Hunas.
  • Paharpur Inscription: Highlights land grants and religious patronage during the Gupta period.
  • Mandsaur Inscription: Details Yashodharman’s victory over the Huns.
  • Gwalior Inscription: Describes grants to Brahmins and mentions Agraharas.
  • Banskhera Copper Plate: Provides details about Harshavardhana’s ancestry and administration.
  • Deopara Prashasti: Celebrates the achievements of Bengal’s Vijay Sena.

PMAY-G: Rural Poverty Relief

• Why in News: The Ministry of Rural Development is intensifying efforts to create poverty-free villages through effective implementation of schemes like PMAY-G.

• PMAY-G Overview: Launched in 2016, aims to provide affordable housing to the rural poor, selected based on SECC 2011 data, Gram Sabha approvals, and geo-tagging. Financial assistance of Rs 1.20-1.30 lakh, plus support for toilets (SBM-G), cooking fuel (Ujjwala Yojana), and employment (MGNREGA).

• Scheme Extension: Extended to include 2 crore more houses by FY 2024-29, with a total outlay of Rs 3,06,137 crore.

• Achievements: 3.21 crore houses sanctioned, 2.67 crore completed as of November 2024. Awas Plus-2024 and Awas Sakhi Apps launched for beneficiary identification and monitoring.

• Challenges to Rural Poverty Alleviation: Dependency on agriculture vulnerable to climate change, unemployment, limited access to services, land ownership issues, social inequality, migration, and governance challenges hindering effective poverty reduction.

• Pathways to Poverty-Free Rural India: Focus on achieving SDGs (No Poverty, Zero Hunger, Good Health, Reduced Inequalities), social protection, employment generation (MGNREGA), linking SHGs and FPOs, infrastructure development (roads, schools), digital inclusion (e-NAM), behavioural change, disaster preparedness (DRR Task Force), and climate-resilient agriculture (KVKs).

• Conclusion: Comprehensive approach needed, combining housing (PMAY-G), financial aid, employment, and infrastructure to address challenges like agricultural dependence and social inequality for achieving poverty-free villages.

MSP Legalization Demand

• SC Intervention: Supreme Court criticizes government’s lack of engagement with protesting farmers, urging consideration of MSP demands in response to a plea for legal guarantee.

• Petition for MSP Guarantee: Farmers seek legal guarantee for MSP on crops, fulfilling promises from 2021 protests after farm laws repeal, aiming for stable agricultural incomes.

• Reasons for Protests: Stem from economic liberalization prioritizing industry over agriculture, causing rural distress due to low crop returns and rising input costs. WTO agreements are perceived to limit India’s control over procurement and subsidies.

• Key Demands: Law guaranteeing MSP for all crops based on Swaminathan Commission’s ‘C2+50%’ formula (50% profit margin over comprehensive cost). Also, full debt waiver, compensation, better wages, indigenous rights protection.

• Government’s Position: Legal guarantee deemed unfeasible due to logistical challenges, high costs, potential food inflation, and budgetary constraints.

• Arguments For Legalizing MSP: Addresses farmer distress, ensures fair prices, promotes formal markets, stabilizes market prices, improves cost calculation methods, encourages agricultural investment.

• Arguments Against Legalizing MSP: Logistical difficulties, high government costs, potential for food inflation, market distortion, WTO constraints.

• Alternatives to Legalization: Targeted MSP approach (smaller percentage of crops), state-specific legislation, promoting cooperatives/FPOs, supportive infrastructure, contract farming, improved crop insurance, crop diversification.

Savitribai Phule

• Context: The news highlights the 194th birth anniversary of Savitribai Phule, India’s first woman teacher.

• Early Life and Education: Born on January 3, 1831, in Maharashtra, she was educated by her husband, Jyotirao Phule, after being married at age 10.

• Pioneering Education: She and her husband established India’s first school for girls in 1848 in Pune, breaking societal norms that restricted women’s education.

• Social Reformer: Savitribai and Jyotirao Phule were advocates for social equality, campaigning for widow remarriage, inter-caste marriages, and against child marriage, sati, and dowry systems.

• Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha: The couple founded a home to prevent infanticide, especially for pregnant widows facing societal discrimination.

• Satyashodhak Samaj: They established this platform in 1873 to promote social equity, open to all irrespective of caste or religion, and introduced ‘Satyashodhak Marriage’ ceremonies.

• Defiance of Tradition: Savitribai challenged convention by carrying the earthen pot during her husband’s funeral procession and lighting the pyre.

• Literary Contributions: She authored collections of poems, including Kavya Phule and Bavan Kashi Subodh Ratnakar, promoting her ideals through literature.

• Humanitarian Work: Savitribai actively participated in relief efforts during the 1896 famine and the 1897 Bubonic plague in Maharashtra, contracting the disease herself while helping a sick child, demonstrating compassion and courage.

CENJOWS-NDMA MoU

• MoU Signed: The Centre for Joint Warfare Studies (CENJOWS) and the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU).

• Objective: To boost India’s disaster management capabilities by taking a ‘whole of the nation’ approach.

• Collaborative Research: Joint research on disaster management and Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) operations to inform government policy.

• Capacity Building: Jointly organizing seminars, workshops, and training programs for armed forces and NDMA officials.

• Awareness: Joint efforts to promote disaster preparedness and risk mitigation nationwide.

• International Collaboration: Working together to facilitate global disaster management efforts, aligning with India’s foreign policy.

• CENJOWS’s Role: Established in 2004, it aims to promote jointness in national power and provides research-based alternatives for policy formulation.

• NDMA’s Role: Established in 2006 under the Disaster Management Act, 2005. NDMA is the apex statutory body in India for disaster management, chaired by the Prime Minister.

SBI’s New Deposit Offers

• SBI Launches “Har Ghar Lakhpati Scheme”: A recurring deposit (RD) scheme designed to help customers accumulate ₹1 lakh or multiples thereof.

  • Why: Simplifies financial goal planning and saving effectively, allowing customers to plan better.

• Recurring Deposit (RD): Allows systematic saving through fixed monthly deposits for a set period, earning interest on the deposited amount.

  • Why: Promotes disciplined savings habits.

• Availability for Minors: The “Har Ghar Lakhpati Scheme” is also available to minors.

  • Why: Encourages early financial planning and savings.

• RD Tenure: The minimum tenure for recurring deposits is 12 months (1 year), and the maximum is 120 months (10 years).

  • Why: Provides flexibility in choosing a savings period that matches individual financial goals.

• SBI Introduces “SBI Patrons Scheme”: A fixed deposit scheme specifically for senior citizens aged 80 years and above.

  • Why: Acknowledges and rewards the loyalty of long-term senior customers.

• Enhanced Interest Rates for Senior Citizens: “SBI Patrons” offers higher interest rates than regular senior citizen fixed deposits.

  • Why: Provides increased returns for elderly customers who often rely on fixed income.

• Interest Rate Benefit: SBI Patron’s depositors receive an additional 10 basis points (0.10%) higher interest rate than what is offered to other senior citizens.

  • Why: Gives extra benefits for elderly citizens.

• Accessibility: “SBI Patrons” is available to both existing and new term deposit customers.

  • Why: Broadens the scheme’s availability to all eligible senior citizens, whether they are current SBI customers or not.

Baanknet Portal Access

• Baanknet Portal Launched: A centralized e-auction platform for properties from all public sector banks (PSBs) in India.

• One-Stop Destination: Provides a wide range of properties including residential, commercial, industrial, and agricultural assets.

• Enhanced Features: Streamlined user experience with integrated payment gateway, KYC tools, and API-based architecture.

• Simplified Process: Consolidates pre-auction, auction, and post-auction processes into a single application.

• User-Friendly Tools: Offers dashboards for spend analytics and MIS reports, plus a helpdesk with callback support.

• Aids PSB Recovery: Facilitates property sales, supporting PSB’s financial recovery and improving credit availability.

• Large Inventory: Already features over 122,500 properties for auction.

• What are PSBs: Banks where the Government holds the majority stake and accounting for over 70 percent of the deposits received in and advances made by SCBs.

Tiger Movement Between States

• Tiger Translocation: Madhya Pradesh is translocating 15 tigers to Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha.
• Source of Tigers: The tigers will be moved from Bandhavgarh, Pench, and Kanha tiger reserves in Madhya Pradesh.
• Distribution Plan: The translocation includes 12 tigresses and 3 tigers, with specific allocations for each receiving state (Chhattisgarh: 6 tigresses, 2 tigers; Rajasthan: 4 tigresses; Odisha: 1 tiger, 2 tigresses).
• Approval: The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) has approved the translocation.
• Madhya Pradesh’s Tiger Status: Madhya Pradesh has the highest tiger population in India (785), with nine tiger reserves.
• Purpose: Translocation aims to boost genetic diversity, reduce inbreeding, and support the long-term survival of tiger populations. This is a reinforcement strategy.

Methylcobalamin

• Methylcobalamin is a form of Vitamin B12: Naturally occurring and found in food (fish, meat, dairy) and supplements. Its structure differs from other B12 forms.
• Vitamin B12 Importance: Crucial for DNA synthesis, red blood cell production, and neurological function. Deficiency necessitates supplementation. Regulates cell growth, blood formation, and protein synthesis.
• Uses: Treats Vitamin B12 deficiency and neuropathies (e.g., in diabetes).
• Red Blood Cell Formation: Prevents anemia by enabling erythrocyte synthesis, reducing fatigue and weakness.
• Neurological Health: Used in preventing and treating neurological illnesses. Supports neurotransmitter production (serotonin, dopamine) vital for mood and mental health.
• FSSAI Relevance: FSSAI is the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India. It operates under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. The FSSAI has been established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006.

The reason for including FSSAI is to highlight the regulatory context surrounding food supplements and safety in India, which could be relevant to Methylcobalamin supplements.

MWPSC Act & Property Restoration

• Property Restoration Power: The Supreme Court has reinforced the power of tribunals to restore property to parents under the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens (MWPSC) Act, 2007. This is triggered when children neglect their care obligations.

• Section 23 Application: Tribunals can void property transfers if the recipient (e.g., child) fails to provide the agreed-upon basic needs to the senior citizen, the transferor.

• Representation by Authorized Organizations: If a senior citizen is unable to pursue their rights under the act, authorized organizations (tribunals) can act on their behalf.

• Act’s Purpose: The MWPSC Act, 2007 provides statutory protection for elderly citizens, allowing them to seek maintenance from their children or legal heirs if they are unable to support themselves.

• Enforcement Structure: The Act is implemented through tribunals and appellate tribunals at district and sub-division levels for effective and speedy processing.

• Penalties for Non-Compliance: Tribunals can impose fines or imprisonment on individuals who fail to provide maintenance. Abandonment of senior citizens can result in fines or up to 3 months imprisonment.

Groundwater Quality Report ’24

• Groundwater Quality Concerns: The Annual Groundwater Quality Report 2024 by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) highlights concerns about groundwater quality in various parts of India.

• Rising Nitrate Levels: The number of districts with excessive nitrate levels (above 45 mg/L) has increased from 359 in 2017 to 440 in 2023, affecting over half of India’s districts. This is concerning due to potential health issues like methemoglobinemia (‘Blue Baby Syndrome’) and environmental impacts like algal blooms.

• Sources of Nitrate Contamination: Excessive irrigation, poor animal waste management, urbanization, and inadequate wastewater/sewage disposal are major contributors to high nitrate levels.

  Join Our Telegram Channel

• Regional Nitrate Issues: Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat face persistent nitrate problems, largely due to geological factors.

• Fluoride and Arsenic Concerns: Elevated fluoride levels exceeding permissible limits are a major concern in Rajasthan, Haryana, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana. High arsenic levels are found in the Ganga and Brahmaputra river floodplains. Prolonged exposure to these contaminants can cause severe health problems.

• Uranium Contamination: Elevated uranium levels are found in several regions, with Rajasthan and Punjab being hotspots. Chronic exposure to uranium can lead to kidney damage.

Sports Awards ’24

• National Sports Awards 2024 Announced: The Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports revealed the recipients of the National Sports Awards 2024.This is significant as it recognizes and celebrates excellence in sports.

• Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award: Awarded to Gukesh D (Chess), Harmanpreet Singh (Hockey), Praveen Kumar (Para-Athletics) and Manu Bhaker (Shooting), It’s India’s highest sporting honor, recognizing outstanding performance over four years.

• Arjuna Awards: Given for consistent good performance over four years, recipients include Jyothi Yarraji (Athletics), Annu Rani (Athletics), Nitu (Boxing), Rakesh Kumar (Para-Archery), Navdeep (Para-Athletics), Sucha Singh (Athletics), Murlikant Rajaram Petkar (Para-Swimming) etc.

• Dronacharya Award: Recognizes coaches, awarded to Subhash Rana (Para-Shooting) and S Muralidharan (Badminton) etc. This highlights the importance of coaching in producing medal-winning athletes.

• Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puraskar: Awarded to Physical Education Foundation of India. It acknowledges the role of organizations in sports promotion and development.

• Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (MAKA) Trophy: Awarded to Chandigarh University (Overall winner). It recognizes top performance in inter-university tournaments.

• Various Sports Awards Given in India: Includes Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award (highest sporting honour), Arjuna Award (consistent performance), Dronacharya Award (coaching excellence), Major Dhyan Chand Award (lifetime achievements), Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Trophy (inter-university performance), and Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puraskar (sports promotion). These awards collectively recognize contributions across various levels of sports in India.

VISTAAR

• Project VISTAAR is a digital platform integrating information on agriculture and allied sector startups.
• Aims to enhance the agricultural extension system’s efficiency via digitalisation.
• Connects farmers and stakeholders with relevant startup solutions and services.
• Contains a database of over 12,000 agriculture and farming startups.
• Significance: Expands the reach of agricultural advisory services to farmers, providing high-quality information on crop production, marketing, and supply chain management.
• Provides information on government schemes for agriculture, allied sectors, and rural development.
• Delivers timely, contextual, and accurate information, augmenting the existing extension system.
• Improves support for farmers in agriculture and related fields.
• Digitalisation (the use of digital tools to improve business processes) expands outreach, ensuring farmers access quality advisory services on production, marketing, and government schemes.

Property Rights

• Right to Property as a Constitutional and Human Right: The Supreme Court affirmed that the right to property is both a constitutional right (Article 300-A) and a human right.

  • Why: This reaffirms the importance of property rights in a welfare state and protects individuals from arbitrary dispossession.

• Compensation for Property Acquisition: The Court reiterated that individuals must receive adequate compensation when their property is taken, and in cases of unreasonable delay in providing compensation, the valuation date can be adjusted to reflect current market values.

  • Why: Ensures fair treatment and prevents landowners from suffering financial losses due to delayed compensation.

• Case Specific Ruling (BMIC Project): The Supreme Court directed compensation for landowners affected by the BMIC project in Karnataka to be based on 2019 market values, due to the significant delays in compensation disbursement.

  • Why: Addresses the injustice of delayed compensation and the erosion of property value over time.

• State’s Power and Obligations: The ruling highlights the State’s power of eminent domain (to acquire land) but emphasizes its obligation to provide prompt and fair compensation.

  • Why: This underscores the balance between the State’s needs and the individual’s rights.

• Application of Article 142: The Supreme Court used its powers under Article 142 to provide full justice, shifting the valuation date to 2019.

  • Why: Demonstrates the Court’s commitment to equity and its role in addressing injustices.

Nuclear-Prisoner List Exchange

• Nuclear Installation List Exchange: India and Pakistan exchanged lists of nuclear installations under the Agreement on the Prohibition of Attack against Nuclear Installations, 1988. This is the 34th consecutive exchange since 1992, occurring annually on January 1st. It aims to prevent attacks on each other’s nuclear facilities. Details of specific locations are not disclosed.
• Prisoner and Fisherman List Exchange: The countries also exchanged lists of prisoners and fishermen held in each other’s jails. This exchange is mandated by the Agreement on Consular Access, 2008, and happens biannually (January 1st and July 1st).
• Significance Amidst Strained Relations: These exchanges are notable because they continue despite ongoing diplomatic tensions between India and Pakistan. They highlight a commitment to existing agreements on nuclear safety and consular access.
• Vienna Convention Relevance: The exchange of prisoner lists indirectly relates to Article 36 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963, which emphasizes informing detained foreign nationals of their right to consular access. This underscores the importance of consular rights in international relations.

Cash Aid Programs

• Context: Political parties are increasingly using cash transfer schemes to win elections, raising concerns.

• Why:

  • Easy to implement due to universal financial access.
  • Tangible benefits directly reaching voters.
  • Beneficiaries prefer them as they are flexible and bypass intermediaries.

• Key Concerns:

  • Limited evidence of long-term impact on intended goals (e.g., women’s empowerment, farmer income).
  • Oversimplifies complex systemic issues; doesn’t replace necessary policy interventions.

• Negative Impacts:

  • Strain on government finances, diverting funds from essential services (health, education, infrastructure).
  • Existing social protection programs (NSAP, MGNREGA) may receive insufficient funding.

• Nuanced View:

  • Cash transfers can supplement social safety nets but shouldn’t be a sole solution.
  • Effective in programs like NSAP, maternity entitlements, and scholarships.
  • Should complement, not replace, state investments in essential services.

Sree Narayana Guru

• Context: Kerala CM Pinarayi Vijayan criticized attempts to associate social reformer Sree Narayana Guru with Sanatana Dharma, specifically Varnashrama Dharma, during the 92nd Sivagiri pilgrimage.
• Guru’s Philosophy:
  • Advocated “One Caste, One Religion, One God for Mankind,” promoting equality regardless of social divisions.
  • Emphasized inner purity and education for social progress.
• CM’s Argument: Vijayan equated attempts to portray Guru as a supporter of Sanatana Dharma as undermining his humanist values and work against caste oppression.
• Political Reactions:
  • BJP accused Vijayan of insulting Sanatana Dharma.
  • Congress echoed the CM’s concerns regarding attempts to co-opt Guru’s legacy.
  • Opposition Leader V.D. Satheesan critized the CM equating Sanatana Dharma to Varnashrama Dharma.
• Significance of Sivagiri Madhom: Founded by Guru, it became a center for social reform. The Madhom is a major pilgrimage site for the Ezhava community.
• Political Implications:
  • Ezhava community (23% of Kerala’s population) is a key voting bloc.
  • BJP is attempting to gain influence within the community, prompting responses from the Left and Congress.
  • SNDP Yogam, historically associated with the community, has been critical of the Left.
• Sivagiri Madhom’s Stance: Maintains a neutral position, engaging with all political parties and advocating against Brahminical dominance in temple priesthood.

VSSC Sundial

• VSSC Designs Polar Sundial: Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) designed and showcased a polar sundial at the ‘Rocket Garden’ of the Space Museum in Thumba, Kerala.
• Educational Tool: It serves as an educational tool, demonstrating astronomical concepts engagingly.
• IST and Date: Unlike conventional sundials, it accurately displays Indian Standard Time (IST) and the date.
• Analemmatic Correction: It replaces straight hour lines with inverted analemma curves, converting local solar time to mean solar time.
• Polar Configuration: Aligned parallel to Earth’s polar axis, affixed to a structure based on Thumba’s latitude.
• Rocket Integration: Features a 1.6 ft tall, 3D-printed miniature of the Rohini series RH200 sounding rocket.
• Uniqueness and Science: ISRO chairman encourages VSSC to explore setting up replicas of the sundial in other places
• Potential Software Kit: VSSC director suggests developing a software kit for educational institutions and museums to install the sundial with adjustments for latitude and longitude.
• Team Effort: Developed by teams from VSSC’s Space Physics Laboratory, Technology Transfer and Documentation Group, and Construction Management Group.

Why it’s News:

• Innovation in Education: Offers a unique and visually engaging way to understand complex astronomical concepts.
• Accurate Timekeeping: Overcomes limitations of traditional sundials by providing IST and date.
• ISRO’s Outreach: Showcases ISRO’s commitment to public education and engagement.
• Replicability Potential: Opens possibilities for wider dissemination of astronomical knowledge through replicas and software.
• Integration of Space Technology: Combines sundial design with space technology elements like the rocket miniature.

The Melatonin Key

• Melatonin & Parkinson’s Disease: Scientists have discovered that a nano-formulation of melatonin could be a potential therapeutic solution for Parkinson’s Disease (PD).

• Parkinson’s Disease Basics: PD is a neurological disorder caused by the death of dopamine-secreting neurons due to synuclein protein aggregation. Existing treatments manage symptoms, but a cure is lacking.

• Melatonin’s Potential: Melatonin, a hormone regulating sleep-wake cycles, shows promise as an inducer of mitophagy (removal of dysfunctional mitochondria), which reduces oxidative stress in PD.

• Nano-formulation Advantage: Researchers at INST Mohali used human serum albumin (HSA) to create a nano-formulation for targeted melatonin delivery to the brain, enhancing bioavailability and sustained release.

• Improved Outcomes: Nano-melatonin exhibited enhanced antioxidative and neuroprotective properties, improving mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis to counteract toxicity in a PD model.

  Join Our Telegram Channel

• BMI1 Role: The study revealed that nano-melatonin overexpresses BMI1, an epigenetic regulator, which induces mitophagy and protects neurons from degeneration.

• Mitophagy & Oxidative Stress: Melatonin-mediated BMI1 regulation and its induction of mitophagy are crucial for reducing oxidative stress in PD, making melatonin a potential therapeutic candidate.

• Wider Applications: This approach could also be used for other diseases where dysregulated mitophagy is critical.

• Study Publication: The findings were published in the journal ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces.

Soviet Collapse

• Anniversary: December 25th marks the anniversary of the Soviet flag’s removal from the Kremlin, signifying the USSR’s end.

• Formation: The USSR formed in 1922 after the 1917 Russian Revolution, led by Lenin and the Bolsheviks. It was the world’s first communist state.

• Economic Stagnation: By the 1970s, the Soviet economy lagged due to overemphasis on military spending and inefficiencies, leading to consumer shortages and dissatisfaction.

• Gorbachev’s Reforms: Gorbachev’s policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) weakened the Communist Party’s authority and fueled nationalist movements.

• Cold War Pressures: The arms race with the US, defeat in Afghanistan, and the fall of the Berlin Wall undermined Soviet control and exposed economic weaknesses.

• Nationalist Movements: Nationalist movements and secessionist desires in republics like Lithuania and Ukraine contributed to the USSR’s dissolution. Boris Yeltsin and the rise of Russian nationalism further weakened the USSR

• Unipolar World Order: The USSR’s collapse ended the Cold War, leaving the US as the sole superpower and reshaping global alliances. NATO expanded eastward.

• Capitalism’s Dominance: Western institutions promoted liberal democracy and free-market capitalism in former socialist states.

• Contemporary Conflicts: Unresolved territorial disputes and ethnic tensions from the Soviet era fuel conflicts like the Russia-Ukraine war and the Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict.

• India’s Response: India diversified its economy, strengthened ties with other nations (Look East/Act East, Act West policies), and adapted its defense relationships. Joint production like the BrahMos missile bridged the gap between importer and exporter.

• Internal Faultlines: Gorbachev’s reforms exposed internal contradictions, and the Eastern Bloc countries transitioned to democracy.

• Final Blow: An attempted coup by Communist hardliners in August 1991 further destabilized the country, leading to the dissolution of the USSR in December 1991.

Digital DILRMP

• 98.5% of rural land records digitized: A major milestone achieved under the Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP).
• DILRMP Objective: To digitize and modernize agricultural land records, increasing accessibility and reducing disputes.
• ULPIN (“Bhu-Aadhar”): 14-digit alphanumeric code for each land parcel; implemented in 29 States/UTs, to streamline transactions and improve disaster management.
• NGDRS (e-Registration): Uniform process for online deed/document registration; adopted by 18 States/UTs.
• e-Court Integration: Linking land records with e-Courts for faster case resolution; cleared in 26 States/UTs.
• Transliteration: Land documents translated into any of the 22 languages in Schedule VIII of the Indian Constitution.
• Bhoomi Samman: 168 districts achieved “Platinum Grading” for completing core DILRMP components.
• Why Digitization is Needed:
  • Ensure Equity: Empowers vulnerable groups, securing land rights.
  • Reduce Litigation: Minimizes land disputes.
  • Promote Development: Encourages investments and credit access.
  • Improve Transparency: Addresses outdated records and benami properties.
• Benefits of DILRMP:
  • Improves record quality and accessibility.
  • Reduces litigation and fraud via conclusive land-titling.
  • Promotes development and growth by enabling credit access and efficient land markets.
• Challenges:
  • Language barriers hinder understanding.
  • Community shareholdings complicate digitization.
  • Lack of awareness among stakeholders.
  • Quality of existing land records is poor.
  • Complexity of land management systems.
  • Insufficient resources and capacity.
• Way Forward:
  • Integrate land records with other services.
  • Update records with technology (drones, satellites).
  • Public awareness campaigns.
  • Dispute resolution mechanisms.
  • Comprehensive policy framework.
  • Public-Private Partnerships.
  • Research and Development.

The GEAC Explained

• What it is: The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) is a statutory body in India.
• Legal Basis: Established under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, specifically the “Rules, 1989”.
• Role: It appraises activities involving large-scale use of hazardous microorganisms and recombinants in research and industrial production from an environmental perspective. This includes the environmental release of genetically engineered organisms (GMOs) and products, including experimental field trials.
• Power: GEAC has the authority to take punitive action under the Environment Protection Act.
• Scope: It regulates the use, import, and export of genetically modified (GM) organisms and crops. GEAC clearance is mandatory for the environmental release of GM crops.
• Structure: Chaired by the Special Secretary/Additional Secretary of MoEF&CC and co-chaired by a representative from the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), comprising experts from various ministries and institutions.
• Conflict of Interest Rules: New rules mandate expert members to disclose any “interest” that could conflict with their duties and recuse themselves from meetings if necessary, unless specifically requested to stay.
• Disclosure of Affiliations: Members must disclose their professional affiliations for the past decade.
• Supreme Court Order: These changes come after a Supreme Court order in July 2023 requiring a national policy on GM crops and highlighting the need for addressing conflict of interest concerns within the GEAC.
• Context of GM Mustard: The new rules are partly a response to allegations of conflict of interest in a previous GM crop approval case (GM mustard), where concerns were raised about a committee member’s ties to a biotech company.
• Genetic Modification: GM involves inserting DNA into an organism’s genome, typically by transferring new DNA into plant cells and growing them in tissue culture.

DAP

• Subsidy Extension: The Union Cabinet extended the special subsidy on Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) fertilizer at ₹3,500 per metric tonne. This extension is effective from January 1, 2025, until further notice.
• Purpose: The primary goal is to maintain stable DAP prices for farmers and to mitigate the impact of global market fluctuations and geopolitical tensions on fertilizer costs.
• Financial Implications: The extension will require a tentative budgetary allocation of approximately ₹3,850 crore. The total special package approved for DAP since April 2024 would be more than Rs. 6,475 cr
• Significance of DAP: DAP is a widely used fertilizer in India, second only to urea, crucial for plant growth as it provides nitrogen and phosphorus.
• Availability: The government aims to ensure the continued availability of DAP to farmers at affordable and subsidized prices.
• Domestic Production & Imports: India produces DAP domestically but also imports it to meet the high demand from the agricultural sector. In FY2023, India produced about 4.3 million metric tons of DAP.
• Additional Uses: DAP is also used as a fire retardant and in various industrial processes like metal finishing.

Awards Night!

• Major Awards Announced: The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports announced the recipients of India’s sports awards.
• Khel Ratna Winners: D. Gukesh, Harmanpreet Singh, Praveen Kumar, and Manu Bhaker will receive the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna award.
• Arjuna Awardees: A total of 32 athletes, including 16 Paralympians, will receive the Arjuna Award. Noteworthy recipients include Swapnil Kusale, Sarabjot Singh, and Aman Sehrawat.
• Dronacharya Award: Deepali Deshpande, Sandeep Sangwan, and Subhash Rana are among the recipients of the Dronacharya Award for coaches.
• Controversy and Inclusion: Manu Bhaker’s initial exclusion from the Khel Ratna list sparked controversy, but she was later included.
• Award Ceremony Date: The President will present the awards at Rashtrapati Bhavan on January 17.
• Additional Awards: The Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (MAKA) Trophy went to Chandigarh University.
• Paralympic Recognition: A significant number of Arjuna Awards were given to Paralympians, reflecting India’s success in the Paris Paralympics.
• Arjuna Award (Lifetime): Murlikant Petkar was selected in this category.

Cow Killer Ant

• Brazilian Velvet Ant Identification: These are actually parasitic wasps, often wingless, named for their dense, velvety hair. Distinctive black and white markings are a key identifier.

• Habitat: Found in the Caatinga shrub desert of Brazil.

• Activity: They are active throughout the day, with peak activity in early morning and late afternoon when sunlight is subdued. They cover significant distances searching for hosts.

• Ultrablack Pigmentation Discovery: The black areas on female velvet ants have been found to be ultrablack, absorbing nearly all visible light.

• Significance of Ultrablack: Ultrablack pigmentation is rare in the animal kingdom.

• Possible Functions of Ultrablack: It is thought to aid in predator avoidance, body temperature regulation, or attracting mates through high contrast.

• Parasitic Nature: Velvet ants are parasitic, living on or in a host organism and obtaining nutrients from it.

SCOTUS Advocates

• Concerns over Quality: Recent designation of 116 Senior Advocates in the Supreme Court (SC) in 2024 has raised concerns about the quality and potential dilution of the Bar’s standards.
• Definition of Senior Advocates: Designated by SC or High Courts based on legal acumen, experience (10+ years), and special knowledge. They primarily argue legal points and are briefed by an Advocate-on-Record (AoR).
• Role and Influence: Senior Advocates play a crucial role in high-stakes cases and significantly influence case admission in the SC, with higher success rates at the admission stage. They effectively serve as “gatekeepers.”
• Restrictions: They cannot directly take instructions from clients or handle tasks like drafting pleadings.
• 2017 Reforms: Following Indira Jaising’s PIL, objective criteria were introduced for designation, aiming for transparency and inclusivity.
• Criticism of Current System: Concerns exist that too many designations may devalue the title and that the process could be a “populist move.” The government has sought reconsideration of the guidelines.
• Inclusivity: Supporters argue the reformed system is more inclusive, allowing greater representation for women and first-generation lawyers.
• Market Forces: Ultimately, the market and the quality of work will determine a Senior Advocate’s success, as AoRs will choose who to brief based on competence.

Gomti River: Key Facts

• Tributary of the Ganges: The Gomti River is a significant tributary of the Ganges (Ganga), Uttar Pradesh. (Important for understanding its place in the larger river system)

• Origin and Course: Originates from Gomat Taal (Fulhaar Jheel) in Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh, and flows through several districts. (Defines its geographical start and path)

• Districts Traversed: Flows through Lucknow, Barabhanki, Sultanpur, Faizabad, and Jaunpur before joining the Ganges. (Highlights its importance to these regions)

• River Length and Basin: Extends approximately 900 km and drains a basin of about 18,750 square km. (Provides scale of the river’s reach and impact)

• Perennial River: The Gomti is a perennial river, with significant flow increases during the monsoon season. (Indicates it’s a continuous water source)

• Key Tributaries: Notable tributaries include the Sai, Chowka, Kathina, and Saryu Rivers. (Shows interconnectedness with other waterways)

• Ganga’s Tributaries: The Gomti is one of many tributaries, including Ramganga, Ghaghara, Yamuna, Son and others, that feed the Ganges. (Contextualizes its role within the Ganges River system).

UPI Cap Deadline Extended

• Deadline Extended: NPCI extended the deadline for UPI apps (TPAPs) to comply with the 30% transaction volume cap to December 31, 2026.

• Impacts Major Players: The extension affects PhonePe and Google Pay significantly, as they control over 80% of UPI transactions.

• Cap Requirement: TPAPs exceeding the 30% limit must stop onboarding new customers to comply.

• Original Cap Rationale: NPCI introduced the 30% cap in November 2020 to reduce concentration risk and promote a balanced UPI ecosystem.

• Previous Extension: An earlier deadline extension was granted in December 2022.

• Cap Calculation: The 30% cap is calculated based on the average UPI transaction volume over the preceding three months.

• NPCI’s Role: NPCI was established by the RBI and Indian Banks’ Association to oversee payment and settlement systems.

• TPAP Definition: TPAPs are entities offering UPI-based services through mobile apps, acting as intermediaries between users and banks.

Defence Reforms: 2025

• 2025: ‘Year of Reforms’: Ministry of Defence declares 2025 as the ‘Year of Reforms’ to transform the Armed Forces.

• Objectives: Transform Armed Forces into technologically advanced, combat-ready force for multi-domain integrated operations. Ensure India’s security and sovereignty.

• Key Areas of Focus:

  • Jointness & Integration: Strengthen inter-service cooperation, establish Integrated Theatre Commands (ITCs).
  • Emerging Technologies: Focus on Cyber, Space, AI, Machine Learning, Hypersonics, and Robotics, and associated tactics.
  • Streamlined Acquisition: Simplify and expedite acquisition procedures.
  • Defence Exports: Position India as a credible defence exporter, promote R&D, and partnerships.
  • Veteran Welfare & Indigenous Culture: Ensure veteran welfare, leverage their expertise and foster pride in Indian culture.
  • Civil-Military Coordination: Aim to eliminate inefficiencies and optimise resources.

• Why Reforms are Needed:

  • Lack of NSS: Absence of a National Security Strategy.
  • Cyberwarfare: Rise of cyber threats.
  • Import Dependence: Reduce reliance on arms imports.
  • Cultural Resistance: Overcome resistance to jointness.
  • Insufficient Funding: Limited modernization due to funding constraints.
  • Ad-hoc Procurements: Need for strategic readiness.

• Way Forward:

  • Institutional Reforms: Clarify responsibilities within the CDS and DMA.
  • Integrating Technologies: Focus on autonomous systems, cyber warfare, and AI.
  • Boost Domestic Defence Industry: Foster public-private partnerships.
  • Maximise Defence Cooperation: Expand cooperation with regional and global powers.
  • National Defence University (NDU): Establish NDU for advanced training.

Pallas’s Cats: Wild & Secret

• First Photographic Evidence in Himachal Pradesh, India: The elusive Pallas’s cat has been photographed for the first time in Himachal Pradesh, India, specifically in the Kinnaur area, during a snow leopard population survey.
• Elevation: The cats were found at elevations between 3,900 and 4,100 meters, inhabiting rocky habitats.
• Significance for India: This discovery expands the known range of the Pallas’s cat and highlights the biodiversity of the Indian Himalayas.
• Conservation Data: The finding will provide crucial data for conservationists and researchers to develop strategies for protecting the Pallas’s cat and its habitat.
• Focus on Lesser-Known Species: The documentation of this cat will bring attention to the importance of conserving lesser-known species, which are often overshadowed by megafauna like snow leopards.
• Research Opportunities: It opens new avenues for scientific research into the cat’s behavior, interactions, and ecology within India.
• About Pallas’s Cat: It’s a small wild cat found in Central Asia, adapted to high-altitude, cold climates with its thick fur and distinct flat face.
• Conservation Status: The IUCN lists the Pallas’s cat as “Near Threatened” due to habitat loss, prey depletion, and hunting.
• Similar Threats to Snow Leopards: The discovery is relevant because snow leopards and other large felines are facing habitat loss, poaching, and climate change, making the conservation of all wild cat species critical.
• First described: The cat was first described in 1776 by Peter Simon Pallas.

National Sports Honors

• National Sports Awards 2024 Announced: The Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports announced the recipients of the National Sports Awards 2024. The awards recognize excellence in sports and will be presented by the President of India on January 17th, 2025.

• Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award Winners:

  • Shri Gukesh D (Chess)
  • Shri Harmanpreet Singh (Hockey)
  • Shri Praveen Kumar (Para-Athletics)
  • Ms. Manu Bhaker (Shooting)

• Arjuna Award Winners: Includes athletes from Athletics, Boxing, Chess, Hockey, Para-Archery, Para-Athletics, Para-Badminton, Para-Judo, Para-Shooting, Shooting, Squash, Swimming, and Wrestling.

• Arjuna Award (Lifetime):

  • Shri Sucha Singh (Athletics)
  • Shri Murlikant Rajaram Petkar (Para-Swimming)

• Dronacharya Award (Coaches):

  • Regular Category: Shri Subhash Rana (Para-Shooting), Ms. Deepali Deshpande (Shooting), Shri Sandeep Sangwan (Hockey)
  • Lifetime Category: Shri S Muralidharan (Badminton), Shri Armando Agnelo Colaco (Football)

• Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puraskar: Physical Education Foundation of India

  Subscribe on YouTube

• Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (MAKA) Trophy:

  • Winner: Chandigarh University
  • 1st Runner Up: Lovely Professional University, (PB)
  • 2nd Runner Up: Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar

• Selection Process: Applications were submitted online and reviewed by a committee headed by Justice (Retd.) V. Ramasubramanian and including eminent sportspersons, sports journalists, and administrators.

• About Maulana Abul Kalam Azad: He was a theologist and a leader of the Indian independence movement known for his high moral integrity. The trophy in his name is awarded to the overall top performing university in Khelo India University Games.

Ramesh Chand Panel

• Panel Purpose: The Ramesh Chand Panel is tasked with revising the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) base year from 2011-12 to 2022-23.

• Key Mandates:

  • Propose a revised commodity basket for WPI and Producer Price Index (PPI) using 2022-23 as the base year.
  • Review and improve the current price collection system.
  • Decide on the computational methodology for WPI and PPI.

• Composition: The panel comprises economists from government, rating agencies, asset management companies, banks, the Reserve Bank of India, and other government representatives.

• Report Deadline: The panel is expected to submit its final report within 18 months to the Office of the Economic Adviser at the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT).

• WPI vs. PPI: WPI measures wholesale prices, excluding services and having potential for double counting. PPI measures prices from the producer’s perspective, includes services, and aligns with international standards (System of National Accounts). PPI is more inclusive, covering services which represent a substantial portion of GDP.

• Why Revise WPI? To reflect structural changes in the economy and align with international best practices, potentially shifting towards a greater emphasis on PPI.

• Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation tracks the change in retail prices of goods and services which households purchase for their daily consumption.

Fading Voices: PMBs in India

• Decline in Time Allocation: The 17th Lok Sabha allocated minimal time (9.08 hours) to Private Members’ Bills, while the Rajya Sabha spent 27.01 hours. In the 18th Lok Sabha (two sessions), only 0.15 hours were spent in the Lower House and 0.62 hours in the Upper House.

• Scheduling Issues: Private Members’ business is typically scheduled for Friday afternoons, leading to poor attendance due to MPs leaving for their constituencies.

• Lack of Seriousness: Indifference from MPs, with many skipping discussions, contributes to the decline.

• Pending Bills: Bills can remain pending for over 15 years without discussion, effectively silencing parliamentarians’ voices.

• Significance of Private Members’ Bills: They allow MPs to express themselves independently on important issues and serve as a medium for political messaging. Only 14 Private Members’ Bills have been passed and received assent till date, and none since 1970.

• Constitutional Importance: These bills provide a crucial space for individual parliamentary expression and should be protected.

• Proposed Solutions: Shifting Private Members’ Bills to midweek could improve participation and discussions.

Incineration Explained

• Definition: Incineration is burning hazardous materials at very high temperatures to destroy contaminants within an incinerator (a specialized furnace).

• Material Versatility: Handles diverse hazardous materials like soil, sludge, liquids, and gases.

• Contaminant Destruction: Effective against solvents, PCBs, and pesticides.

• Metal Limitation: Does not destroy metals (e.g., lead, chromium).

• Waste-to-Energy Potential: Heat from incineration can generate electricity.

• Process Overview: Hazardous materials are prepared (excavated, ground, dewatered), then heated in a combustion chamber to volatilize and destroy contaminants.

• Combustion Enhancement: Air or oxygen may be added to aid burning.

• Secondary Combustion: Remaining gases undergo further heating for complete destruction.

• Emission Control: Air pollution control equipment removes particulate matter and acid gases.

• Combustion Defined: Rapid chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidizer (typically oxygen), releasing heat.

India-LatAm Trade

• Growing Focus: Latin America & Caribbean (LAC) is a key foreign policy focus for India, aiming to diversify ties.

• Historical Ties: Rich history with figures like Pandurang Khankhoje & M.N. Roy; literary exchange via Octavio Paz, Tagore. High-level engagements began in the 1960s.

• Economic Push: Post-1990s liberalization led to trade growth. FOCUS LAC program launched in 1997. 2023 trade volume reached $43.22 billion, targeting $100 billion by 2028.

• Key Partners & Products: Brazil, Mexico, Colombia are primary partners. India imports petroleum, gold, soybean oil; exports petroleum (non-crude), cars.

• Political Shift: Enhanced engagements; Foreign Minister visits. Brazil has strong political linkages via BRICS, IBSA, G20. PTAs with Chile & Mercosur.

• Strategic Autonomy: Shared non-alignment approach, evident in Ukraine war stance.

• LAC Importance: Rich in resources (minerals, oil), a $6 trillion+ market, vital for energy/food security. Counterbalances China’s influence.

• Cooperation Sectors: Pharmaceuticals, energy (lithium exploration in Bolivia), agriculture, infrastructure.

• Challenges: Lack of regional engagement framework (SICA, CELAC, Mercosur), narrow PTAs, China’s dominance, geographical/language barriers, outdated stereotypes.

• Strategies: Reactivate FOCUS LAC, pursue FTAs (technology, agriculture, clean energy), promote P2P/B2B connections, diplomatic engagement, export promotion, advocate for LAC interests in global forums, enhance service trade.

Front-Running

• What Happened: The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) uncovered a “front-running” scam in the Indian securities market. 22 entities, including stock brokers (Rohit Salgaocar and Ketan Parekh) were debarred. SEBI impounded ₹66 crore in wrongful gains.

• What is Front-Running: Front-running is an illegal practice where a broker or individual uses non-public information (NPI) about large client orders to trade for their own benefit before the client’s order is executed. This exploits anticipated price movements.

• How it Worked:

  • Stock broker (Salgaocar) obtained information about the trades of a major U.S.-based fund house (FPI, or “big client”).
  • He shared this information with another stock broker (Parekh).
  • Parekh, using his network, placed trades based on this information.
  • These trades were then matched with the big client’s orders, allowing them to profit from price fluctuations. This went on for almost 2.5 years.

• The Players: Rohit Salgaocar and Ketan Parekh were the primary orchestrators. Parekh has been earlier debarred for 14 years for a stock market scam in 2000.

• Tools Used: WhatsApp, mobile phones under fake names and money was transferred using ngadiyas. SEBI’s investigation involved search and seizure operations and examining Bloomberg and WhatsApp chats.

• Regulatory Action: SEBI’s order prohibits fraudulent and unfair trade practices and aims to prevent such illegal activities.

WPI vs. PPI

• Expert Panel Formation: A panel has been formed by the Centre to revise the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) and develop a Producer Price Index (PPI).
  • Why: The panel aims to update the WPI to reflect economic changes since the 2011-12 base year, transitioning to a 2022-23 base year.
• Panel Composition: The panel comprises Niti Aayog member Ramesh Chand, government officials from various ministries, representatives from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the Goods and Services Tax Network, and private sector economists.
  • Why: Includes diverse expertise from different sectors to ensure a comprehensive review and the development of reliable indices.
• Panel Objectives for WPI: Review current price collection, suggest improvements, and determine computation methodology.
  • Why: To ensure WPI accurately reflects wholesale price changes.
• Panel Objectives for PPI: Evaluate composition, methodology, and suggest improvements. Crucially, it will propose a roadmap for India’s transition from WPI to PPI.
  • Why: PPI is considered a more comprehensive measure of inflation that includes the service sector and better reflects supply-side dynamics. It also aligns with international best practices.
• Deadline: The panel has 18 months (until June 30, 2026) to submit its final report.
  • Why: To ensure a timely and efficient process.

RCIC Scheme Explained

• The Rural Community Immigration Class (RCIC) is a new Canadian immigration program launched in December 2024 by IRCC.
• It aims to address labor shortages and stimulate development in smaller, rural communities. This helps counteract the “brain drain” effect of skilled workers leaving for larger cities or other countries.
• The program attracts foreign nationals, including students, who commit to living and working long-term in designated rural areas outside major cities.
• Eligibility includes varying education levels (10+2, graduation, etc.), with relaxed requirements for students who have studied at least 18 months in a designated community.
• A job offer from a designated employer in the community is required, potentially in any job category (including non-skilled). The community issues a certificate supporting the PR application.
• While work experience is generally required, it may be waived for qualifying international graduates.
• Applicants must meet specific Canadian Language Benchmark (CLB) scores based on their job’s NOC TEER level.
• Proof of sufficient funds (at least half the low-income threshold for rural areas) to support oneself for one year is mandatory.
• Applicants must provide genuine evidence of their intention to reside in the designated rural community.
• It offers a valuable PR pathway for international students, especially those whose Post-Graduate Work Permits (PGWPs) are expiring and who are struggling with CRS scores or high-paying jobs.
• Indian students, who comprise a large portion of international students in Canada, can benefit from reduced competition in rural areas compared to larger cities.

Kanlaon

• Mount Kanlaon Eruption: The active 2,435-meter Mount Kanlaon in the Philippines recently erupted, expelling ash and gases.

• Location: Mount Kanlaon is a stratovolcano located in the north central part of Negros Island, Philippines.

• Significance of Location: The Philippines, including Mount Kanlaon, sits within the Pacific Ring of Fire.

• Pacific Ring of Fire: The Ring of Fire is a seismically active zone around the Pacific Ocean, known for its frequent earthquakes and volcanoes, due to the interaction of tectonic plates.

• Volcano Basics: A volcano is a weak spot in the earth’s crust that releases gases, lava, ash, and steam during eruptions.

Banana Farming

• Banana is a major tropical crop in India: Second most important fruit after mango, highlighting its significance in Indian agriculture.

• Ideal growing conditions: Temperatures between 15ºC – 35ºC, high humidity (75-85%), and elevation up to 2000m. This emphasizes the need for specific climate for optimal yield.

• Soil requirements: Deep, rich loamy soil with good drainage, fertility, and moisture, and a pH of 6.5-7.5. This details the soil composition critical for banana cultivation.

• Unsuitable soils: Saline and calcareous soils are not preferred. This highlights the limitations of soil types.

• Variety Adaptability: Can be grown in diverse climates through selecting appropriate varieties.

• Key Banana Varieties in India: Dwarf Cavendish, Robusta, Monthan, Poovan, Nendran, Red banana, etc. This showcases the range of banana types cultivated in the country.

• Major Banana Producing States: Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala. Lists the regions where banana cultivation is most prevalent.

• APEDA’s Role: Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority established in 1985 under Ministry of Commerce and Industry. This points to government support for export promotion.

Leadership Memorials

• Manmohan Singh Cremation: Former PM Manmohan Singh was cremated at Nigambodh Ghat, a public cremation ground, marking a departure from the convention of cremating former PMs at designated sites.

• No Specific Rules: There are no explicit rules mandating memorials for former PMs, but a tradition of designated cremation sites and subsequent memorials has been followed.

• Congress’s “Insult” Claim: The Congress party called the cremation site an “insult” and demanded a memorial at the cremation site.

  Subscribe on YouTube

• Memorial Tradition: Almost all former PMs (except VP Singh) have memorials, often in Delhi, reflecting their legacies and political ideologies. Examples: Raj Ghat (Gandhi), Shanti Van (Nehru), Vijay Ghat (Shastri).

• Memorial Maintenance: Memorials are typically maintained by State Governments and local municipalities, with occasional Central Government involvement.

• Congress Demand for Memorial: The Congress president requested the government to allocate space for a memorial, a request followed by a statement that Govt will allocate space.

• Past Examples: Memorials like Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s Smriti Sthal were established relatively quickly after cremation.

• Departure from Convention: Constitutional expert P.D.T Achary highlighted the departure from the established convention, emphasizing Manmohan Singh’s global respect.

• Paucity of Space: The congress government in 2013 had decided that all memorials will be built at Smriti Sthal due to paucity of space.

Groundwater Contamination: CGWB

• Increased Nitrate Contamination: A CGWB report reveals a rise in groundwater contamination across India, with 440 districts reporting excessive nitrate levels in 2023, up from 359 in 2017. Approximately 56% of India’s districts exceed the safe nitrate limit of 45 mg/litre.
• Regional Hotspots: Rajasthan, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu show the highest nitrate contamination (49%, 48%, and 37% respectively). Central and southern regions like Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh are showing increased nitrate levels.
• Monsoon Impact: Nitrate contamination increases after the monsoon season.
• Other Contaminants: Fluoride remains a concern in Rajasthan, Haryana, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana. Uranium contamination exceeds safe levels in Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka, especially in over-exploited zones.
• Groundwater Extraction: 60.4% of groundwater is extracted across India, a stable rate since 2009. 73% of blocks are now classified as ‘safe’ for groundwater availability, up from 67.4% in 2022.
• Source of Contamination: Primarily caused by agricultural practices (excessive fertilizer and pesticide use), leaking storage tanks, hazardous waste sites, landfills, septic systems, atmospheric contaminants, and deforestation.
• Health Implications: Contaminated groundwater poses serious health risks like waterborne diseases and methemoglobinemia (“blue baby syndrome”) from nitrates, particularly dangerous for infants.
• Food Production: Contaminated water used for irrigation can lead to the accumulation of toxins in crops.
• Environmental Impact: Disrupts ecosystems, causing soil contamination and salinization.
• Economic Impact: Increases the cost of water treatment and contributes to water scarcity.
• Why in News: The increase in nitrate levels and other contaminants raises concerns about public health and environmental sustainability, highlighting the need for better groundwater management.
• Contributing Factor: The use of subsidized nitrogenous synthetic fertilizer is a key contributor to the nitrate contamination.
• Uranium Contamination: Over-exploitation and deepening water levels exacerbate uranium contamination in affected regions.

Sarabhai Remembered

• Event: 52nd Death Anniversary of Vikram Sarabhai observed on December 30th.

• Who was Vikram Sarabhai?: Indian physicist and industrialist; key figure in initiating space research and developing nuclear power in India.

• Early Life & Education: Born in Ahmedabad in 1919. Built a working model train at 15. Studied at Cambridge and researched cosmic rays under C.V. Raman. PhD in cosmic rays from Cambridge (1947).

• Institutional Contributions:

  • Founded Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad.
  • Instrumental in establishing IIM-Ahmedabad.
  • Established Community Science Centre (CSC), Ahmedabad.
  • Co-founded Darpan Academy for Performing Arts.
  • Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Thiruvananthapuram.
  • Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad.
  • Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL).
  • Uranium Corporation of India Limited (UCIL).

• Space Program:

  • Founded ISRO, emphasizing space technology for societal development.
  • Conceptualized Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) with NASA.
  • Initiated India’s first satellite, Aryabhata.
  • Launched first sounding rocket from Thumba, Kerala in 1967.

• Nuclear Program: Took over as Chairman of Atomic Energy Commission. Envisioned the Indian nuclear program.

• Awards & Recognition: Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award (1962), Padma Bhushan (1966), Padma Vibhushan (posthumously, 1972). Called ‘Mahatma Gandhi of Indian Science’ by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.

• Legacy: VSSC named in his honor; lunar crater named “Sarabhai Crater”. Founded Sarabhai Chemicals in 1943.

• Commitment to Freedom: Believed in freedom of thinking. CSC provided experimental research opportunities for children. Family decisions included children, helping them garner convictions early in life.

• Visionary Approach: Research-and applications-based approach as a scientist and entrepreneur.

Indian Coffee Exports Surge

• Record-Breaking Exports: Indian coffee exports reached a record $1.1469 billion between April and November FY24, a 29% increase compared to the same period last year and nearly double the exports of FY21.

• Price Surge & EUDR Impact: The rise is fueled by soaring Robusta coffee prices (reaching multi-decade highs due to supply issues in major producing countries) and stockpiling by European buyers anticipating the EU’s Deforestation Regulation (EUDR).

• Robusta Price Increase: Robusta prices peaked at $4,667 per metric ton in June, a 63% increase this year.

• EUDR and Stockpiling: EUDR aims to prevent products sourced from deforested land from entering the EU, which was initially scheduled for December, and has now been delayed by a year. European buyers have been stockpiling in anticipation of the regulation.

• Major Producers Face Challenges: Drought and high temperatures in Brazil have caused Arabica and Robusta yields to fall, while Vietnam’s production recovery is still below its 2021/22 record.

• India’s Production Hubs: Karnataka remains the largest producer, followed by Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

• Premium Market Capture: Indian coffee has managed to capture the “premium segment” of the export market unlike in the case of tea.

• Key Export Destinations: The European Union is the top destination, with Italy, Belgium, and Germany accounting for nearly half of total exports. Russia, the UAE, and the US are also significant markets.

India: Data Centre Powerhouse

• Rapid Growth: India’s data centre sector is booming, projected to double capacity by FY27, driven by digitalization, AI adoption, 5G rollout, and data localization laws. Market expected to reach USD 11.6 billion by 2032 (CAGR of 10.98%).
• Digitalization Demand: Increasing adoption of digital technologies, 751.5 million internet users, and rising mobile internet usage are fueling data centre expansion.
• Data Localization: RBI mandate on financial data storage and data localization laws (Public Records Act, 1993; Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023) require data to be stored within India.
• AI and 5G Impact: Surge in AI projects and nationwide 5G rollout are expected to triple data consumption, necessitating increased data centre capacity.
• Economic Significance: Data centres enable digital services (e-commerce, social media, banking), support critical infrastructure, boost job creation, and attract investments, with potential to generate over Rs 50,000 crore in economic activity by FY27.
• Edge Computing: Rise of IoT and real-time applications increases demand for edge data centres to minimize latency, further boosted by 5G.
• Infrastructure Constraints: Unreliable power supply, limited connectivity, and high capital investment (cooling systems, land acquisition) hinder growth, especially in non-metro areas.
• Regional Disparities: Data centre capacity is concentrated in Mumbai; smaller cities lack adequate infrastructure and investment.
• Sustainability Concerns: Data centres are energy-intensive, requiring adoption of renewable energy sources and energy-efficient technologies.
• Skill Shortages: Lack of skilled professionals in data centre management hampers sectoral growth.
• Global Competition: Competition from countries like China with advanced data centre capacity.
• Cybersecurity Threats: Data centres are prime targets for cyberattacks, requiring robust security measures.
• Way Forward: Invest in upgrading power infrastructure (renewable energy), refine policies to facilitate growth, encourage regional development, and enhance human resource skills through training and partnerships.

Core Industries Index

• Overall Growth: The Index of Eight Core Industries (ICI) increased by 4.3% in November 2024 compared to November 2023.
• ICI Composition: The ICI measures the production performance of eight core industries: Coal, Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Refinery Products, Fertilizers, Steel, Cement, and Electricity.
• Weight in IIP: These eight core industries account for 40.27% of the weight of items included in the Index of Industrial Production (IIP).
• Positive Growth Industries: Cement (13.0%), Coal (7.5%), Steel (4.8%), and Electricity (3.8%) recorded significant positive growth in November 2024. Refinery Products (2.9%) and Fertilizers (2.0%) also showed positive growth.
• Negative Growth Industries: Crude Oil (-2.1%) and Natural Gas (-1.9%) experienced a decline in production during November 2024.
• Cumulative Growth: The cumulative growth rate of the ICI for April to November 2024-25 is 4.2% compared to the same period last year.
• Revised August 2024 Data: The final growth rate for August 2024 was a decline of 1.5 percent.
• IIP Significance: The IIP reflects short-term changes in production volume across key economic sectors (mining, manufacturing, electricity), providing insights into industrial activity.

UIDAI

• New CEO: Bhuvnesh Kumar, an IAS officer, has taken over as the CEO of UIDAI, succeeding Amit Agrawal. This signifies a change in leadership and potential shifts in strategy.
• UIDAI’s Role: UIDAI is a statutory authority responsible for Aadhaar enrollment, authentication, and managing the entire Aadhaar lifecycle. This makes it a crucial government body.
• Aadhaar’s Reach: Over 1.41 billion residents have been enrolled in Aadhaar, with 1.07 billion updates processed. This highlights the widespread adoption and utility of Aadhaar.
• Authentication & e-KYC: Aadhaar has facilitated over 127 billion authentications and 21.8 billion e-KYC verifications, demonstrating its importance for various services.
• Slowing Enrollment: New Aadhaar enrollments are decreasing, with the first time in 2024 that new enrolments were under one million in October and continued to be so in November and December, signalling a potential saturation point.
• Historical Context: UIDAI was established on July 12, 2016, under the Aadhaar Act, 2016. It was initiated in 2006, showcasing its long-term impact.
• Services Offered: UIDAI provides Aadhaar enrolment, authentication, updates, PVC cards, and a Virtual ID generator, which are services for citizens.

Belly Landing Explained

• Belly Landing Defined: An emergency landing technique where an aircraft lands without deploying its landing gear, a last resort due to technical issues.

• Risks: Significant damage to the plane, potential injuries to passengers, and risk of fire from friction.

• When It’s Used: Landing gear failure, inability to reach an airport, or pilot’s judgment that it’s safer than landing on wheels.

• Jeju Air Incident: A recent incident involving a Jeju Air flight raises questions about the reasons behind a belly landing. Bird strike could be the issue, but more will be revealed by offical investigation

• Landing Long and Fast: An aviation term meaning landing beyond the touchdown zone at excessive speed.

• Possible Scenario (Jeju Air): The crew might have realized they were landing “long and fast” and chose a belly landing as a safer option to stop within the runway. Bird strike may have affected flaps

• Slats and Flaps: Retractable surfaces on wings used to generate lift at slower landing speeds.

• Stall Speed: The minimum speed at which an aircraft can maintain lift. Flaps lower stall speed. Without them, higher landing speed is needed.

• Braking Methods: Thrust reversers, spoilers (speedbrakes), and wheel brakes. Automation usually involved

• Possible Last Resort: In the Jeju Air incident, swerving into open space may have helped.

Shendurney’s Wild Heart

• Faunal Survey Findings: A four-day survey in Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary revealed significant biodiversity.
• Bird Diversity: 143 bird species spotted, increasing total recorded species to 248, including endemics like Malabar Parakeet, White-Bellied Treepie, Great Indian Hornbill.
• Butterfly Diversity: 174 butterfly species recorded, including endemic species like Malabar Banded Peacock and rare species. Migration of Lesser and Common Albatross observed. Total species documented since 2010 is now 269.
• Odonate Diversity: 48 odonate species recorded, including two potential new species. Large-scale migration of Pantalas observed. Total recorded species now 116.
• Other Fauna: Survey documented 12 frog, 6 snake, 24 ant, 4 cicada, and 10 mammal species. Notable otter population indicates a healthy aquatic ecosystem.
• Significance of Survey: Findings will aid sanctuary management and conservation strategies. Citizen science praised for its role in conservation. Habitat rehabilitation efforts have improved biodiversity.
• Sanctuary Location: Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the Kollam district of Kerala, part of the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve.
• Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve: Includes Shendurney, Peppara and Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuaries.
• Flora and Fauna: The sanctuary boasts tropical forests and diverse fauna, including elephants, tigers, endemic bird species, Nilgiri langurs and lion-tailed macaques. The sanctuary is named after the endemic tree Gluta travancorica, locally known as ‘Chenkurunji’.

Moldova & Transnistria

• Energy Crisis: Ukraine stopped Russian gas transit, impacting Moldova and Transnistria, which rely on it for power and heating. Why: Highlights vulnerability of the region due to reliance on Russian gas amidst geopolitical tensions.

• Moldova’s Geography & Diplomacy: Moldova is a landlocked Eastern European nation bordering Ukraine and Romania; recently opened an embassy in New Delhi. Why: Provides context about Moldova’s location and its efforts to strengthen international relations.

• India-Moldova Relations: Diplomatic ties established in 1992 after Moldova’s independence. Why: Shows Moldova’s engagement with other nations after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

• Transnistria’s Status: A Russian-backed breakaway region of Moldova, resisting Moldovan control since 1992 with Russian support. Why: Explains the complex political situation of Transnistria and its dependence on Russia.

• Lack of International Recognition: Despite its de facto independence, Transnistria isn’t recognized by most countries, even Russia. Why: Underscores the ambiguous international standing of Transnistria.

• Citizenship: Many Transnistrians hold Russian and/or Moldovan citizenship. Why: Highlights the intertwined identity and allegiance of people in the region.

Malaria Report 2024

• India’s Progress: The WHO’s World Malaria Report 2024 highlights India’s significant reduction in malaria cases and deaths between 2017 and 2023.
• Historical Transformation: Malaria cases have declined by over 97% since independence, from 75 million to 2 million annually, and deaths have fallen from 800,000 to 83 by 2023.
• HBHI Exit: India exited WHO’s High Burden to High Impact (HBHI) group in 2024, a key milestone.
• State-Level Improvements: High-burden states decreased from 10 to 2 (Mizoram & Tripura). Many states transitioned to lower burden categories. Ladakh, Lakshadweep, and Puducherry achieved zero indigenous malaria cases.
• Case and Death Reduction: Malaria cases and deaths have both dropped by approximately 80% from 2015 to 2023.
• Surveillance Increase: The Annual Blood Examination Rate (ABER) increased from 9.58 (2015) to 11.62 (2023), indicating better detection.
• Government Initiatives: Key initiatives include the National Framework for Malaria Elimination (NFME) 2016-2030 and the National Strategic Plan for Malaria Elimination (2023-2027).Other Initiatives are National Vector-Borne Disease Control Programme, National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP), High Burden to High Impact (HBHI) Initiative & Malaria Elimination Research Alliance-India (MERA-India)
• Elimination Goal: India aims to achieve malaria-free status by 2030, with zero indigenous cases by 2027.
• Global Context: Globally, malaria cases increased to 263 million in 2023, with the WHO African Region bearing the brunt.
• Zero Malaria Districts: 122 districts reported zero malaria cases in 2023.

What is DAP?

• What is DAP? Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) is a widely used fertilizer providing nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) essential for plant growth. In India, it is the second most used fertilizer.
• Why is DAP important? It is high in phosphorus, which stimulates root development. It is also used as a fire retardant, in industrial processes, wine making, cheese production, and soldering.
• Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) Scheme: Implemented in 2010, it provides a fixed subsidy on Phosphatic & Potassic (P&K) fertilizers based on nutrient content. It aims to provide subsidized fertilizers to farmers.
• Extension of Special Package: The Union Cabinet extended the One-time Special Package for DAP at Rs 3,500 per metric ton from January 1, 2025, until further orders.
• Aim of Extension: To ensure farmers have access to affordable DAP amidst global market fluctuations and geopolitical tensions.
• How it works: The Rs 3,500 per MT package is applied in addition to the NBS subsidy.
• Government Focus: Highlights the government’s commitment to farmers’ welfare and providing essential agricultural inputs at affordable prices.
• Previous Package: A similar package was approved for April 1, 2024, to December 31, 2024, demonstrating continued support.

India’s Green Energy Tap

• Why in News: The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy urges states to ease land availability for renewable energy, particularly wind, to achieve the 500 GW non-fossil fuel target by 2030.

• Current Status: India’s installed renewable energy capacity is 158.55 GW (November 2024), with wind power at 47.96 GW and solar leading at 94.17 GW.

• Renewable Potential:

  • Solar: 748 GW (NISE estimate)
  • Wind: >300 GW
  • Hydro: >148 GW (46 GW untapped)
  • Geothermal: 10 GW
  • Wave Energy: 40 GW

• Challenges:

  • Land Scarcity: Difficulty acquiring land, especially for wind, due to population density and ecological sensitivity.
  • Financing: High upfront costs and uncertain returns deter investors.
  • Grid Integration: Intermittency of wind power causes instability and curtailments.
  • Exhaustion of Prime Sites: Optimal wind locations are mostly occupied.
  • Approval Delays: Lengthy clearance processes hinder project timelines.
  • Offshore Wind: High costs and technological challenges limit development.

• Way Forward:

  • Improve Land Access: Streamline land acquisition, promote dual-use projects.
  • Strengthen Transmission: Develop green energy corridors, invest in hybrid systems.
  • Harmonize Policies: Create a unified national policy, offer long-term incentives (“Make in India” push).
  • Focus on Offshore Wind: Pilot projects, financial incentives, reduced import duties.
  • Financing and R&D: Green banks, research in advanced technologies.
  • Environmental Sustainability: Assessments, component recycling, community engagement.

UN Summits Fail 2024

• Four UN Environmental Summits Fail: Summits on biodiversity (Colombia), climate (Azerbaijan), land degradation (Saudi Arabia), and plastics (South Korea) in 2024 failed to achieve meaningful outcomes, indicating a setback in addressing crucial environmental issues.

• Divergent National Priorities: The core issue is a widening gap between developed and developing nations’ priorities. Developing nations seek more financial aid and technology transfer, while developed nations hesitate due to domestic and economic pressures.

• Specific Summit Failures:

  • Colombia (Biodiversity): Lack of agreement on financing for sustainable land use.
  • Azerbaijan (Climate): Disagreement on fossil fuel transition and the scale of climate finance ($1.3 trillion sought by developing nations).
  • South Korea (Plastics): No consensus on a legally binding treaty due to opposition from plastic-dependent economies.

• Other Contributing Factors:

  • Disagreements on monitoring and enforcement frameworks.
  • Global crises (COVID-19, economic instability, geopolitical conflicts) diverting attention and resources.

• Consequences of Failure:

  • Delayed Action: Postpones crucial measures to combat environmental challenges.
  • Fragmented Efforts: Risks unilateral actions lacking global coordination, potentially creating new problems.
  • Erosion of Trust: Undermines cooperation among nations.
  • Pressure on Future Summits: Increases the urgency for future meetings to deliver results.

• Strategies for Progress:

  • Developed nations must honor financial and technological support commitments.
  • Strengthened transparency and accountability mechanisms.
  • Inclusive diplomacy to ensure all voices are heard.
  • Emphasis on implementation and concrete action over pledges.
  • Addressing the interconnectedness of environmental issues (biodiversity loss, climate change, pollution).

e-Governance Awards

• National e-Governance Awards (NAeG) Scheme: A prestigious scheme recognizing excellence in e-governance implementation in India.
• Objective: To promote and acknowledge outstanding e-governance initiatives.
• NAeG Awards 2025: Includes a trophy, certificate, and monetary incentive. Gold Awardees receive Rs 10 lakh, Silver Awardees receive Rs 5 lakh. Funds are for project implementation or public welfare.
• NAeG Awards 2025 Number: A total of 16 awards; 10 Gold and 6 Silver.
• NAeG Awards 2026 Categories: Six categories include; Re-engineering of Government Processes for Digital Transformation, Innovation using AI and new age technology, Best e-Gov. Practices in Cyber Security, Grassroot Level Initiatives in Service Delivery, Replication of successful projects and Digital transformation by use of data analytics.
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions.
• Cybersecurity: Practice of protecting digital systems from attacks to prevent data breaches, financial extortion (ransomware), and business disruption.

Why in News:

• NAeG Awards are being conferred, highlighting successful e-governance initiatives. These awards serve as motivation for improvement and innovation in digital governance across the country.
• The focus on cybersecurity highlights its growing importance in the digital landscape.

H-1B Visa

• Context: Controversy surrounds H-1B visas weeks before Donald Trump’s return as US President, particularly within his “MAGA” supporter base.

• What is H-1B: Allows US employers to hire foreign workers in specialized occupations requiring high skill and a bachelor’s degree. It is employer-sponsored, with a maximum duration of six years.

• Key Players: The debate involves Trump supporters (some opposing H-1B) and figures like Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy, who support it.

• US Immigration Context: Immigration is a highly divisive issue in the US, with some associating it with the depression of wages.

• Nativist Concerns: Critics of H-1B argue that it is used by tech companies to hire foreign workers at lower wages than American workers. They want companies to hire Americans.

• Salary Data: Data indicates that a majority of H-1B petitions for Indian professionals are for salaries below the median US IT professional salary.

• Musk’s Position: While initially supporting H-1B, Elon Musk now calls for reforms, including a higher minimum salary and yearly costs, making it more expensive to hire from overseas.

• Beneficiaries: Indians are the largest beneficiaries of the H-1B program, accounting for over 70% of approvals since 2015.

• Industry Argument: Industry insiders maintain H-1B visas are crucial to address the skills gap in the US.

Stellaria Bengalensis

• New Plant Species Discovered: Stellaria bengalensis, a new species of plant in the genus Stellaria, has been identified in the Kalimpong district of West Bengal, India.
• Second Stellaria Find This Year: This is the second Stellaria species reported in India in 2024, following Stellaria mcclintockiae found in Kerala.
• Discovery Details: The plant was discovered by Arya S. and Harsh Singh in the Sangser forest at an altitude of 2,245-2,450 meters.
• Published Research: The findings were published in the journal Phytotaxa.
• Plant Characteristics: Stellaria bengalensis is an annual herb (8-10.5 cm tall) with white flowers, no bracts, short petals, and sharp seeds, flowering from May to September.
• Habitat: It grows on muddy soil slopes, similar to its Kerala counterpart.
• Indian Stellaria Diversity: India has approximately 22 Stellaria species, mainly in the Himalayan region.
• IUCN Status: The species is currently classified as ‘data deficient’ by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) due to potential wider distribution in the Western Himalayas. The IUCN is a global organization that assesses the conservation status of species.
• Naming: Named Stellaria bengalensis after the state of West Bengal.

The CGWB Explained

• What it is: The Central Groundwater Board (CGWB) is the national apex agency in India for managing and regulating groundwater resources. It falls under the Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Ministry of Jal Shakti.
• Role: Provides scientific inputs for sustainable management, exploration, monitoring, assessment, augmentation, and regulation of groundwater resources.
• Functions: National Aquifer Mapping, groundwater exploration, resource assessment, monitoring water levels/quality, data dissemination, modelling, regulating groundwater development in coordination with states, R&D, water conservation, capacity building.
• Recent News (Nitrate Contamination): CGWB’s 2025 report indicates that 56% of India’s districts (440 districts) have excessive nitrates in groundwater, up from 359 in 2017. This is largely attributed to synthetic fertilizer use.
• Contamination Levels: Almost 20% of groundwater samples had nitrate levels exceeding safe limits. Rajasthan, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu show high nitrate contamination. Central and southern India are seeing increasing trends.
• Other Contaminants: Fluoride and uranium are also major concerns. Uranium contamination is linked to groundwater over-exploitation in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.
• Groundwater Extraction: Overall groundwater extraction is around 60%. Most blocks are in the ‘safe’ zone regarding replenishment, but the number of blocks assessed decreased compared to 2022.

Dot-Com Dawn

• January 1, 1983: TCP/IP adoption marked the birth of the modern Internet. This date is significant as it signifies the official shift to the protocol that enabled the Internet’s global expansion.

• ARPANET origins: ARPANET, created by the US Department of Defence during the Cold War, aimed to ensure communication during potential nuclear attacks, however the protocol could not support complexity and diversity. This highlights the initial motivation behind the network and the limitations that led to its evolution.

• NCP limitations: The original ARPANET protocol, NCP, became outdated, hindering further network development. This explains why a new protocol was needed.

• TCP/IP standardisation: TCP/IP, developed by Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn, provided a standardized communication method for diverse networks. This enabled scalable and efficient data transmission, a critical factor for the Internet’s growth.

• “Flag Day”: January 1, 1983, was the “flag day” requiring all ARPANET systems to switch to TCP/IP. This underscores the decisive nature of the transition.

• “Network of networks”: TCP/IP enabled a “network of networks,” breaking down geographical, organizational, and technological barriers to achieve global connectivity. This highlights the transformative impact of the new protocol.

• Foundation for future advancements: This transition laid the groundwork for the World Wide Web, social media, and e-commerce. This emphasizes the long-term significance of the TCP/IP adoption.

UDISE: Education Shifts

• Decline in School Enrollment: UDISE+ data reveals a significant drop in school enrollment in India, falling to 24.8 crore in 2023-24. This is a decrease of approximately 1.55 crore students (6%) compared to the 2018-19 to 2021-22 average of 26.36 crore.
• Revised Data Collection: The Ministry attributes the drop to revised data collection methods implemented in 2022-23, requiring student-specific information like name, address, and Aadhaar number.
• Impact of Aadhaar Linking: Aadhaar linking aims to de-duplicate data and identify beneficiaries for government schemes. This may have eliminated inflated enrollment numbers and lead to significant savings to the government.
• State-wise Variations: States like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Maharashtra experienced the largest declines in enrollment. Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, and Telangana recorded increases.
• Government vs. Private Schools: Both government and private school enrollments decreased, but the drop was more significant in government schools (5.59%) compared to private schools (3.67%).
• Gender Disparity: Enrollment declined for both boys and girls, but marginally more for boys.
• Level-wise Changes: Primary, upper primary, and secondary levels saw decreased enrollment, while pre-primary and higher secondary levels saw increases.
• Data Accuracy Concerns: Maharashtra officials express concerns that mandatory Aadhaar linking might exclude some genuine students due to technical issues like mismatched data.
• Government Response: The Ministry of Education has requested states with significant enrollment drops to explain the discrepancies.

Ringing Ears

• Tinnitus Defined: Perception of sound without an external source; only heard by the individual.

• Common Causes: Age-related hearing loss, ear injuries, circulatory system issues.

• Symptoms Extend Beyond Sound: Sleep problems, depression, anxiety, irritability, affecting mental health and social life. Phantom sounds can vary (buzzing, roaring, clicking, etc.).

• Treatments Vary: Hearing aids, sound-masking devices, medication, coping strategies.

• New Device Focus: Aims to manage tinnitus with software and device.

• Precise Tinnitus Matching: Identifies the exact sound frequency experienced. This is important for tailoring the treatment.

• Customizable Treatment: Provides a multimodal, tailored approach.

• Progression Tracking: Software allows clinicians to monitor patient improvement. This is important for adjustments in treatment and overall management.

• Cochlear Implants Explained: Prosthetic device surgically implanted, can help those with severe hearing loss who don’t benefit from hearing aids but have an intact auditory nerve.

Quad@20

• Quad Marks 20 Years: Foreign Ministers commemorated two decades of Quad cooperation, reaffirming commitment to a free, open, and peaceful Indo-Pacific amidst China’s assertiveness.
• Strategic Forum: The Quad is a strategic forum of the US, Japan, India, and Australia promoting regional security and economic cooperation in the Indo-Pacific.
• Objectives: Promotes a free and open Indo-Pacific, democracy, human rights, rule of law, and counters China’s expanding influence.
• Key Initiatives: Include Indo-Pacific Partnership for Maritime Domain Awareness (IPMDA), Maritime Initiative for Training in the Indo-Pacific (MAITRI), Indo-Pacific Logistics Network, Quad Cancer Moonshot, Quad Ports of the Future Partnership, Open Radio Access Networks (Open RAN), Advancing Innovations for Empowering NextGen Agriculture (AI-ENGAGE), BioExplore Initiative, Semiconductor Supply Chain Contingency Network, Quad Fellowship, and Counter Terrorism Working Group (CTWG).
• India’s Significance: Safeguards maritime interests, counters China’s assertive policies, aligns with Act East Policy, encourages economic cooperation, promotes scientific collaboration, and enhances people-to-people ties.
• Continued Relevance: Balances China’s influence, enhances maritime security, addresses diverse issues (health, technology, climate change), strengthens institutions, and fosters people-centric initiatives.
• Challenges: Lacks formal structure, divergent priorities among members, China’s growing influence, resource constraints, and overlaps with other groupings.
• Way Forward: Institutionalization, strengthening ties with regional organizations like ASEAN, Quad Plus expansion, enhanced resource commitment.
• Focus Areas: Maritime security, infrastructure, connectivity, climate change, cancer, pandemics, counter-terrorism, critical and emerging technologies, and cyber security.
• ASEAN Centrality: Reaffirmed unwavering support for ASEAN’s centrality and unity.
• India to Host Summit: India is scheduled to host the next Quad Summit in the second half of 2025.

UDISE+ 2023-24 Report

• UDISE+ Overview: UDISE+ is a large-scale Management Information System (MIS) for school education in India, managed by the Ministry of Education. It captures data on schools, teachers, enrollment, and infrastructure.
  • Why: It’s the most trusted pan-India database for school education. MIS systems help organize data collection from many sources to present in readable formats.
• Enrollment Decline: Total student enrollment dropped significantly in 2023-24 to 24.8 crore, a decrease of over a crore compared to previous years (around 26 crore) and a drop of 6% from 2018-19 numbers.
  • Why: Indicates a potential shift in enrollment trends.
• Data Comparability: UDISE+ 2022-23 data and onward isn’t directly comparable with prior reports due to enhanced data collection methods focused on accurately verifying student and teacher credentials and weeding out duplicate entries.
  • Why: Impacts the interpretation of trends in educational indicators like Gross Enrollment Ratio.
• Aadhaar Integration: Over 19.7 crore students voluntarily provided Aadhaar numbers in 2023-24. Unique IDs are being created for students and teachers.
  • Why: Aims to eliminate duplicate entries and more accurately identify beneficiaries for educational schemes, potentially saving government funds.
• Gender Distribution: Boys make up 51.9% of enrollment, girls 48.1%.
• Basic Infrastructure: Over 90% of schools have basic amenities like electricity and gender-specific toilets.
• Advanced Infrastructure Gaps: Only 57.2% of schools have functional computers, 53.9% have internet access, and 52.3% have ramps with handrails.
  • Why: Highlights disparities in access to technology and accessibility for students.
• State-wise Enrollment Changes: Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra saw the highest drops in enrolment in 2023-24.

Tobacco Board

• Tobacco Board’s Role: Established in 1976 under the Tobacco Board Act, 1975, the board focuses on the development of the tobacco industry.

  Join Our Telegram Channel

• Core Functions: Export promotion, regulating production and distribution of Flue Cured Virginia (FCV) tobacco, ensuring fair prices for farmers, and promoting sustainable cultivation practices.

• Financial Support: Provides financial assistance to farmers through banks and inputs for quality tobacco production.

• Industry Position: India is the 2nd largest tobacco producer globally and 2nd largest exporter of unmanufactured tobacco. It is also 4th largest producer of FCV tobacco in the world.

• Export Growth: Tobacco exports reached ₹12,005.89 crore in 2023-24.

• Increased Farmer Income: Income of FCV tobacco farmers doubled between 2019-20 and 2023-24. The efficient and transparent electronic auction system being implemented by the Tobacco Board for the sale of tobacco produced by the farmers helped in achieving the Government’s vision of doubling farmers’ income in the FCV tobacco sector.

• Record FCV Season in Andhra Pradesh: The 2023-24 season saw record production and prices for FCV tobacco in Andhra Pradesh.Farmers realized an average price of ₹288.65 per kg, which is the highest average price ever recorded, and collectively earned ₹6,313.58 crore during the season.

• Electronic Auction System: The Tobacco Board implemented an IT-enabled electronic auctioning system to ensure better price discovery for farmers.

• Export Increase: Achieved an increase in export growth by 87% during the past 5 years

• Welfare Measures: Extends financial relief to tobacco farmers during times of need.

Amazon’s Fiery Year

• Brutal Year: 2024 marked a devastating year for the Amazon rainforest, characterized by rampant wildfires and extreme drought. This threatens the biome’s role as a critical climate change counterweight.

• Climate Change Link: A warming climate exacerbated the drought, which in turn fueled the worst fire season since 2005. Fires contributed to deforestation, linked to land clearing for cattle ranching.

• Scale and Importance: The Amazon, twice the size of India, stores vast amounts of CO2 and holds 20% of the world’s fresh water. It possesses immense biodiversity (16,000 tree species).

• Exploitation: Governments have historically prioritized exploitation over sustainability and Indigenous rights, with organized crime increasing this exploitation.

• Tipping Point Concerns: Experts warn the fires and drought could indicate the Amazon is nearing an ecological tipping point.

• Deforestation Reduction (Brazil & Colombia): Brazil saw a 30.6% drop in forest loss. Colombia reported historic lows, but El Nino may impact future figures.

• Illegal Activities: Illegal gold mining and illicit economies drive deforestation, surpassing state budgets for combating them.

• River Levels: The Amazon River reached critically low levels, prompting emergency declarations and aid distribution.

• Indigenous Rights: The UN biodiversity conference (COP16) resulted in a historic agreement for greater Indigenous involvement in conservation.

• Call for Cooperation: Increased cooperation among Amazon countries and global support are crucial for the Amazon’s well-being.

• Critical Year Ahead: 2025, with Brazil hosting a UN climate COP focused on the region, is a critical moment for action.

Stomach Bug: Norovirus

• Outbreak Surge: The US is experiencing a significant increase in Norovirus cases, with 91 cases reported in early December, up from 69 the previous week.

• What it is: Norovirus, often called the “winter vomiting bug” or “stomach flu,” causes acute gastroenteritis (inflammation of the stomach and intestines).

• Symptoms: Vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, fever, headaches, and body aches are common. Dehydration can occur in severe cases. Symptoms appear 1-2 days after exposure.

• Transmission: The virus spreads easily through contaminated food, water, and surfaces, primarily via the oral-faecal route.

• Prevention: Frequent handwashing with soap is crucial, especially after using the restroom or changing diapers, and before eating or preparing food. Standard disinfectants and moderate heat (up to 60°C) may not be effective. During outbreaks, use a hypochlorite solution (5,000 ppm) to disinfect surfaces.

• Treatment: The illness is self-limiting, typically lasting 2-3 days. Rest and hydration are the main treatments. Most healthy adults recover without complications.

• Recurring Infection: People can get infected multiple times due to different virus strains.

• Relevance: Similar outbreaks have occurred in India (Kerala), although on a smaller scale.

India’s Infrastructure Rise

• Why in News: India’s infrastructure has significantly transformed in the last 25 years, fueled by increased progress and private sector participation. However, substantial development is still needed to achieve the USD 30 trillion economy goal by 2047.

• Roads and Highways:

  • The road network nearly tripled since 2000, reaching 146,000 km.
  • Toll collections have reached Rs 2.1 trillion, with private corporations receiving Rs 1.4 trillion.
  • The Bharatmala project was shelved, while Vision 2047 was deferred.
• Railways:
  • Slow expansion: only 231 km of new tracks added annually since 2000.
  • India’s first bullet train project is expected to complete by 2026.
• Maritime Sector:
  • Plans to invest Rs 54 trillion to become a top-five shipbuilding nation by 2047.
  • Developing mega ports like Galathea Bay and the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor.
• Aviation:
  • Weekly domestic flights increased from 3,568 in 2000 to 22,484 in 2024.
• Challenges:
  • Stalled and delayed projects due to red tape and policy shifts.
  • Financial constraints and underutilization of resources.
  • Sluggish progress in railway route expansion and highway project awards.
  • Maritime sector disruptions due to global events.
  • Intense aviation competition led to airline bankruptcies, market consolidation, and monopolistic tendencies.
• Way Forward:
  • Integrated Infrastructure via PM GatiShakti.
  • Safer and Resilient Infrastructure through KAVACH and Advanced Traffic Management System.
  • Incorporating Green Technologies like EVs and renewable energy.
  • Technological Integration such as FASTags and Digiyatra.
  • Policy and Regulatory Reforms to boost private sector investment.

Transformative Change

• Focus on Governance: The IPBES report emphasizes that strong, inclusive, and sustainable governance is crucial for halting biodiversity loss and driving systemic change.

• Urgent Action Needed: The report warns of irreversible ecological damage (coral reefs, rainforests) if fundamental changes in societal interaction with nature are not implemented immediately.

• Economic Benefits: Swift action can unlock USD 10 trillion in business opportunities and create 395 million jobs by 2030, particularly in nature-dependent industries.

• Root Causes: Disconnection from nature, domination over nature and others, concentration of wealth/power, and short-term gains are identified as the underlying drivers of biodiversity loss.

• Five Transformation Strategies:

  • Conserve and regenerate bioculturally diverse areas.
  • Systematically change key sectors (agriculture, fisheries, infrastructure).
  • Transform economic systems toward nature-positive models.
  • Implement adaptive governance systems involving diverse actors.
  • Shift values by promoting human-nature interconnectedness.

• Transformative Change Defined: System-wide reorganization across technology, economy, and society to conserve biodiversity, ensure quality of life, and achieve sustainable development.

• Achieving Transformative Change: Carbon-neutral actions, Earth-positive choices, subsidy reform, precautionary decision-making, and strengthened environmental laws are essential.

• India’s Initiatives: NBAP, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, National Action Plan on Climate Change, FAME, PMUY, Mission LiFE, and AMRUT contribute to transformative change.

• SDGs Alignment: SDGs promote sustainable development through inclusive growth, addressing issues like marine life, climate action, clean energy/water, responsible consumption, and terrestrial life. India’s Smart Cities Mission, Green India Mission, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, PMUY, and National Clean Energy Fund are aligned. India aims for 500GW renewable energy by 2030, via the International Solar Alliance.

Why in News?

• The report highlights the crucial role of effective governance in mitigating biodiversity loss, emphasizing inclusivity and sustainability for long-term systemic change.

Ghost Particle Telescopes

• Underwater Telescopes for Neutrino Detection: Scientists are deploying telescopes, part of the KM3NeT project (ARCA & ORCA), under the Mediterranean Sea to detect high-energy neutrinos.

• Neutrinos: Ghost Particles: Neutrinos are fundamental particles, similar to electrons but with no charge, and the second most abundant in the universe. Billions pass through a cubic centimeter every second.

• Why Study High-Energy Neutrinos? These rare neutrinos originate from exotic cosmic events like supernovae and gamma-ray bursts. Studying them helps investigate space mechanisms and regions obscured by dust, like the Milky Way’s center. They can also provide clues about cosmic ray production and dark matter.

• Challenges in Detection: Neutrinos rarely interact with matter, making detection difficult. Large volumes of transparent material in dark environments are needed.

• Cherenkov Radiation: Detectors look for flashes of Cherenkov radiation produced when neutrinos interact with water or ice molecules. These flashes reveal the neutrino’s path, source, energy, and origin.

• KM3NeT: A European research infrastructure with two detectors (ARCA and ORCA) located in the Mediterranean Sea.

• IceCube Neutrino Observatory: Located in Antarctic ice, it was the first to detect high-energy neutrinos but underwater telescopes may be more efficient due to less light scattering in water.

H-1B Visa Overview

• Political Debate: The H-1B visa program is a subject of ongoing political debate in the US, with figures like Elon Musk supporting its continuation to address STEM talent shortages.
• Program Overview: It allows US companies to employ foreign workers in specialized occupations (STEM, IT) requiring at least a bachelor’s degree. It was created in 1990 to fill skill gaps when qualified US workers are unavailable.
• Visa Details: H-1B visas can be issued for a maximum of six years, after which holders must leave the US for 12 months or apply for permanent residency (Green Card).
• Annual Cap: There is an annual cap of 65,000 new H-1B visas, with an additional 20,000 for those with US master’s degrees or higher. Exemptions exist for continued employment, higher education institutions, non-profits, and government research organizations.
• Beneficiaries: Individuals born in India are the largest recipients, accounting for over 70% of approved petitions since 2015. China is second, with 12-13%.
• MAGA Opposition: Critics, including some MAGA Republicans, argue the program is misused by tech companies to hire lower-paid foreign workers instead of Americans. Concerns are raised about potential wage depression for US workers.
• Wage Discrepancies: Data indicates that a significant percentage of H-1B visa holders from India earn less than the median salary for IT professionals in the US.
• Musk’s View: While supporting H-1B visas, Elon Musk acknowledges the program is “broken” and suggests reforms like raising the minimum salary and adding yearly costs to make hiring domestic workers more appealing.
• Skills Gap: Industry insiders maintain that H-1B visas are vital to bridging the skills gap in the US.
• Global STEM Talent: China and India produce a significantly higher number of STEM graduates compared to the US.

T&T

• State of Emergency: Trinidad and Tobago declared a state of emergency due to a surge in violent crime, triggered by gang-related retaliatory attacks using high-calibre firearms.
• Cause of Violence: A recent burst of violence has been attributed to armed gunmen shooting at a known gang leader, followed by retaliatory killings.
• Response: The state of emergency grants police increased powers, including warrantless searches, to target illegal firearms.
• No Curfew or Restrictions: Despite the emergency, no curfew or restrictions on public gatherings have been imposed, and New Year’s celebrations will proceed.
• Carnival Concerns: The state of emergency could extend into the period of Trinidad’s Carnival, a major cultural event.
• Firearms: The country doesn’t manufacture firearms of its own, but over 7,000 firearms were recovered from them between 2018 and 2022 according to CNN. About 75 per cent of these came from the US, according to the GAO.
• Past Emergencies: This is not the first time Trinidad and Tobago has declared a state of emergency, with previous instances in 2011 (drug-related crime), 2014 (spike in violence), and 2021 (COVID restrictions).
• CARICOM Concern: The increased use of high-calibre firearms by criminal gangs is a matter of grave concern across the CARICOM region.
• Parliament Review: Parliament will convene within 15 days to decide whether to extend the State of Emergency.
• Reasons: The government declared a state of emergency due to heightened criminal activity.
• Emergency Powers: Defence forces have powers of the police.
• Holding Period: There is a 48-hour holding period where people can be held under these regulations

Vembanad Lake

• Mega Plastic Cleaning Drive: Alappuzha district administration in Kerala is launching a large-scale plastic cleanup in January 2025 as part of the Vembanad Lake rejuvenation project.
• Lake Rejuvenation Project: The drive is part of ongoing efforts to conserve Vembanad Lake, a Ramsar site and India’s second-largest wetland system.
• Phased Implementation: Cleaning activities will be carried out in phases across all grama panchayats in the Vembanad lake region, starting with 10 identified hotspots.
• Community Involvement: The campaign encourages participation from local self-government institutions, fisher communities, voluntary organizations, Haritha Keralam Mission, Kudumbashree members, and more.
• Value-Added Products: Plans to create value-added products from water hyacinth and other aquatic weeds collected during the cleaning.
• Other Initiatives: The rejuvenation project includes establishing a bio-shield, setting up a Vembanad Lake Interpretation Centre, a yarn museum, bottle booths, promoting community tourism, and stocking fish seeds.
• Awareness Programs: Educational programs will be conducted for fishers, houseboat employees, and residents to highlight the importance of lake conservation.
• Degraded State: A 2023 study revealed the lake’s degraded condition, impacting the livelihoods of approximately eight million people across multiple districts.
• Reduced Water Retention: The lake’s water retention capacity has significantly declined by 85.3% between 1990 and 2020.

B-READY 2024

• B-READY Report 2024 Launched: The World Bank has introduced the Business Ready (B-READY) report, replacing the Ease of Doing Business report, which was discontinued due to data manipulation concerns.

• Purpose of B-READY: It benchmarks the global business environment to promote private sector growth by assessing the regulatory framework, public services, and operational efficiency across a firm’s lifecycle.

• Key Topics: B-READY covers ten core topics: Business Entry, Business Location, Utility Services, Labor, Financial Services, International Trade, Taxation, Dispute Resolution, Market Competition, and Business Insolvency.

• Three Pillars: Assesses Regulatory Framework, Public Services, and Operational Efficiency within each topic.

• Key Themes: Digital Adoption, Environmental Sustainability, and Gender considerations are integrated across the assessment.

• Global Findings: Highlights gaps in public service provision, emphasizes inclusivity across income levels, and acknowledges the importance of digital and environmental practices.

• Recommendations: Includes streamlining business operations, strengthening public services through digital transformation, promoting sustainability and inclusivity, and facilitating peer learning.

• India’s Challenges (GTRI Analysis): India may face challenges and score moderately on parameters like Business Entry, Labour Regulations, and International Trade due to complex procedures, slow implementation of labor codes, customs delays and inconsistent regulations.

• India’s Strengths (GTRI Analysis): India is expected to score well on Quality of Regulations, Effectiveness of Public Services, and Operational Efficiency.

• GTRI’s Caution: India should focus on local reforms while leveraging global insights, and avoid overemphasizing rankings due to its vast and complex economy.

• Global Expansion: Initially covers 50 economies with plans to reach 180 by 2026.

Polio’s Return

• Global Polio Resurgence: WHO identifies poliovirus in multiple countries (Pakistan, Cameroon, European nations). Both wild and vaccine-derived strains are present.
• Detection in Wastewater: Poliovirus detected in wastewater systems in European countries (Finland, Germany, Poland, Spain, UK) and in Pakistan, Cameroon, Cote D’Ivoire, Chad and Nigeria, highlighting the need for vigilance despite no confirmed local circulation in Europe.
• Pakistan Situation: 62 cases of wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) reported in Pakistan in 2024, along with positive environmental samples.
• Immunization Gaps: Conflict zones (e.g., Sudan) experience significant drops in vaccination coverage, increasing vulnerability. Subnational immunity levels have been examined to identify any potential gaps and immunization of unvaccinated children is crucial.
• Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus (cVDPV): OPV use linked to cVDPV outbreaks, complicating eradication.
• Shift to IPV Urged: Research emphasizes transitioning to inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), which is non-transmissible and effective against paralysis.
• Debate on Transmission Route: Recent research suggests poliovirus transmission may be primarily respiratory, challenging the traditionally assumed faecal-oral route. Transmission of virulent polioviruses (WPV and cVDPV) is via the respiratory route, like other contagious childhood infectious diseases.
• Arguments Against OPV: Scientists like Dr. Jacob John strongly argue against continued OPV use, stating it is for polio control only, not eradication.
• Urgency of IPV Adoption: Global IPV use and OPV withdrawal are crucial for successful polio eradication.
• Importance of Surveillance & Vaccination: Strong disease surveillance and high levels of routine immunisation coverage are vital. Vaccination of every vulnerable child is essential to ensure that the virus cannot lead to lifelong paralysis or even death

Muslim League & Communalism

• Formation of the Muslim League (1906): Founded in Dhaka to protect Muslim political and religious rights, driven by concerns over representation and Congress’s opposition to the Bengal partition. Preceded by Aligarh Movement for Muslim education and Simla Deputation demanding special representation. Elite Muslim leaders like Nawab Salimullah and Aga Khan were key figures.

• Initial Objectives: Secure separate representation for Muslims in legislative bodies and protect their interests.

• Lucknow Pact (1916): A moment of Congress-Muslim League cooperation, with both parties agreeing to work together for India’s independence. Congress accepted separate electorates for Muslims. This cooperation was signed by leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The pact called for increased Indian representation in legislative and executive councils. However, this also led to the rise of communal politics in India.

• Jinnah’s Leadership: Muhammad Ali Jinnah transformed the League into a mass political force, especially after his Fourteen Points (1929) advocating for Muslim autonomy and safeguards.

• Lahore Resolution (1940): The League, under Jinnah, adopted a stance favoring Partition, demanding “Independent States” for Muslims in majority regions. It became the ideological basis for Pakistan.

• Direct Action Day (1946): Called by the Muslim League, led to widespread communal riots, deepening the Hindu-Muslim divide and accelerating the demand for partition.

• Role in Partition (1947): The League, under Jinnah, led the demand for Pakistan, arguing for fair treatment for Muslims, culminating in the creation of India and Pakistan.

• Communal Politics: Mobilization of a religious community for political power, based on the belief that religious identities equate to shared interests. The British policy of divide and rule helped foster this environment.

• Impact on Communal Politics: The League’s actions, along with other factors, contributed to the rise of communal politics, escalating tensions and culminating in the Partition of India.

• Post-Independence: Communal Politics Challenged Secularism. Acceptance of Violence: Riots and pogroms were observed. Role of social Media in spreading hate speech, and fake news.

Rapid Worlds

• Koneru Humpy Wins World Rapid Championship: Grand Master Koneru Humpy (India) won the 2024 FIDE World Rapid Championship in New York.
• Second Title: Humpy defeated Irene Sukandar (Indonesia) in the final, securing her second World Rapid title. She previously won in 2019.
• Historical Significance: Humpy is the first Indian and only the second player after China’s Wenjun Ju to win the women’s rapid world title more than once.
• Other Indian Performances (Women): D. Harika finished fifth. Divya Deshmukh, Padmini Rout, R. Vaishali, and Vantika Agrawal also participated.
• Open Event Winner: Russia’s Volodar Murzin won the open event with 10 points.
• Russian Domination (Open Event): Alexander Grischuk and Ian Nepomniachtchi, also from Russia, secured second and third places, respectively.
• Arjun Erigaisi (Open Event): The best performing Indian in the open event was Arjun Erigaisi, finishing fifth.
• Time Control: Each round in the World Rapid Championship has a time control of 15 minutes with 10-second increments per move.
• Other Notable Indian Achievements in 2024:
  • D Gukesh became the youngest world champion.
  • India won both the open and women’s sections of the Chess Olympiad in Budapest.

India’s Global Footprint

• Complex Geopolitical Landscape: 2024 was marked by global insecurity and shocks in the neighborhood, posing challenges for Indian foreign policy. Remaining adaptable to change is crucial for 2025.

• China Disengagement: Progress on disengagement at the Line of Actual Control with China was a significant achievement, with the Modi-Xi meeting at Kazan marking a potential turning point after strained relations.

• European Trade: The India-European Free Trade Association agreement was concluded, seen as a model for future trade deals, though progress with Australia, the UK, and the EU stalled.

• Bangladesh Relations Strained: The shift in Bangladesh’s political landscape led to strained relations, marked by concerns over minority attacks and the status of Sheikh Hasina.

• Canada Relations Deteriorated: Tensions escalated with Canada over allegations of Indian involvement in the Nijjar killing, leading to diplomatic repercussions.

• US Challenges & Opportunities: US indictments related to the Adani group and the Pannun assassination plot presented new challenges. However, the election of Donald Trump and his pro-India team could ease relations.

• “Side of Peace” Stance: India maintained a “side of peace” approach in the Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Gaza conflicts, calling for an end to civilian casualties.

  Join Our Telegram Channel

• West Asia Engagement: With multilateral initiatives faltering, India focused on bilateral engagement with West Asian countries.

• 2025 Priorities: Strengthening ties with the US will be a priority, with potential visits from Trump and Modi. Engagements with Iran and Russia are also on the diplomatic calendar.

Pangong’s Shivaji

• Shivaji Statue Inaugurated: A statue of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was recently unveiled on the banks of Pangong Tso in eastern Ladakh, at an altitude of 14,300 feet.

• Timing Significance: The unveiling occurred shortly after India and China completed disengagement at Demchok and Depsang, ending a 4.5-year border standoff. This timing adds strategic importance to the event.

• Debate Sparked: The statue has ignited a debate among army veterans and locals on social media.

• Alternative Proposal: A retired Colonel has proposed a statue of Dogra general Zorawar Singh instead, highlighting his historical role in merging Ladakh with the Dogra kingdom. This underscores differing perspectives on who should be commemorated in the region.

• Pangong Tso Context: Pangong Tso is a high-altitude endorheic (landlocked) lake in the Himalayas, situated at 4,350 meters (14,270 ft). It is one of the world’s highest brackish water lakes.

• Geological Formation: The lake’s formation is attributed to tectonic activity during the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates, a process that also created the Himalayas. It occupies the space previously filled by the Tethys Ocean.

• Social Media Stir: The installation and inauguration of the statue by army personnel are being discussed on social media platforms.

Surya Kiran Exercise

• 18th Edition Underway: The 18th Indo-Nepal joint military exercise “Surya Kiran” is currently being held in Saljhandi, Nepal (January 2025). Exercise began January 2025 and will be conducted until January 13.
• Alternating Locations: This annual exercise alternates between India and Nepal. The 17th edition took place in Uttarakhand, India in December 2023.
• Focus on Interoperability: A primary aim is to enhance interoperability between the Indian and Nepali armies.
• Counter-Terrorism Emphasis: The exercise emphasizes Counter-Terrorism (CT) operations.
• Broader Objectives: It also focuses on jungle warfare, mountain operations, Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) under the UN Charter.
• Operational Readiness: Improving operational preparedness, aviation aspects, medical training, and environment conservation are key goals.
• Personnel Involved: The Indian Army contingent consists of 334 personnel led by a Battalion from the 11th Gorkha Rifles.
• Bilateral Significance: The exercise strengthens the bond of friendship and common military linkages between India and Nepal, fostering bilateral relations and achieving shared security objectives.
• Recent High-Level Visits: The exercise follows visits by the chiefs of army staff from both India and Nepal, underscoring the importance of military cooperation.
• India-Nepal Relations: Nepal shares a significant border (1,850 km) with India, and their relations are underpinned by the Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1950) and various water-sharing agreements.