Feb-2025

Agri-Food Exports

• APEDA successfully completed India’s first commercial pomegranate exports to Australia, showcasing its role in facilitating international trade.

• APEDA is a government body established in 1985 under the APEDA Act, replacing the PFEPC.

• It functions under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

• APEDA’s main objective is to develop and promote exports of scheduled agricultural and processed food products.

• Scheduled products include fruits, vegetables, meat, poultry, dairy, confectionery, and more. Exporters of these products must register with APEDA.

• APEDA provides financial assistance, information, and guidelines to exporters.

• APEDA sets standards and specifications for scheduled products, improves packaging and marketing, and inspects products to ensure quality.

• APEDA also acts as the secretariat to the National Accreditation Board (NAB) for organic exports.

• APEDA’s activities include training, industry development, surveys, feasibility studies, and statistical data collection and publication.

Javelin Missile

• India and the US are planning to procure and co-produce Javelin anti-tank guided missiles.
• The Javelin is a man-portable, fire-and-forget missile.
• It’s jointly produced by Lockheed Martin and Raytheon.
• Designed to destroy heavily armored vehicles like main battle tanks.
• Also effective against fortifications, bunkers, and helicopters.
• Has a range of 2.5 km.
• Uses lock-on before launch and automatic infrared guidance.
• Its “fire-and-forget” capability allows immediate user cover after launch.
• The Javelin’s HEAT warhead attacks tanks from above, exploiting weaker armor.
• India currently does not possess Javelin missiles. This planned procurement is newsworthy.
• Infrared guidance passively tracks the target’s heat signature.

Sowparnika River

• Sowparnika River, located in Udupi district of Karnataka, is facing severe pollution.
• Pollution is exacerbated by sewage discharge from approximately 49 lodges near Kollur Mookambika Temple, many built on government property.
• The temple attracts lakhs of devotees annually, contributing to increased waste generation.
• The existing underground drainage (UGD) system and sewage treatment plant (STP) are malfunctioning, leading to untreated sewage being discharged into the river and its tributaries (Agnithirtha and Kashithirtha).
• Environmental groups, including the National Environment Care Federation (NECF) and Aranya, Parisara Mattu Havamana Badalavane Sangha, have raised concerns and demand action.
• A case regarding the pollution is pending before the National Green Tribunal (NGT).
• The Byndoor MLA supports environmentalists’ concerns and proposes a development corridor project to address the issue and improve water quality.
• The river’s unique geographical feature near Maravanthe Beach, where it runs parallel to the Arabian Sea, is threatened by pollution.
• The Sowparnika River holds mythological significance, associated with Garuda’s penance.
• The river originates from the Kodachadri Hills in the Western
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  Ghats and flows through lush green forests before merging with the Arabian Sea.

Swarm Quakes

• An earthquake swarm, a series of many low-intensity earthquakes without a main shock, hit Santorini and nearby Greek islands.

• A state of emergency was declared, prompting thousands to evacuate.

• The swarm involved numerous tremors, sometimes occurring every few minutes.

• Seismic activity has lessened recently, but uncertainty remains regarding future tremors.

• The cause is a combination of tectonic and magmatic processes; magma movement is influencing the tremors, but a volcanic eruption isn’t currently anticipated.

• Earthquake swarms differ from aftershocks; aftershocks decrease in frequency over time, while swarms have no identifiable main shock.

• Swarms can be caused by fluid movement (e.g., water seeping into rock fractures) and magma movement within the Earth’s crust. Magma pushes through cracks, causing earthquakes near the crack tip.

• Slow-slip events, essentially slow-motion earthquakes, are another potential cause, though not explicitly mentioned in relation to this event.

• Similar swarms have been observed in other locations, including peninsular India, often linked to water pressure changes.

Green Sovereign Bonds

• India issued Sovereign Green Bonds (SGrBs) to fund environmentally friendly projects, but investor demand is low.

• SGrBs are debt securities issued by the government, exclusively funding green initiatives like renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, and waste management.

• The SGrB framework aligns with ICMA principles, focusing on use of proceeds, project evaluation, management, and reporting. Eligible projects include renewables, urban transport, and green buildings; fossil fuels and nuclear power are excluded.

• Funds must be allocated within 24 months of issuance; a Green Finance Working Committee oversees project selection.

• Weak investor interest results in low greenium (yield difference), limiting SGrB funding. Liquidity issues and a lack of a robust social impact investment ecosystem contribute to this.

• The government is supplementing SGrB shortfalls with general revenue. Revised allocations reflect this reduced

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  funding.

• To improve investor interest, India could explore sustainability bonds (combining green and social projects), improve reporting transparency and timeliness, and seek partnerships with multilateral development banks for credit rating support.

Dharma Guardian Exercise

• Exercise Dharma Guardian is a joint military exercise between India and Japan.

• It’s an annual event, alternating between India and Japan as host nation. This year it’s in Japan (Mount Fuji, February 25 – March 9).

• The exercise focuses on enhancing interoperability in urban warfare and counter-terrorism operations under a UN mandate.

• Key training areas include joint planning, tactical drills, advanced special forces skills, and counter-terrorism operations in desert and semi-desert terrain. A 48-hour validation exercise will test these skills.

• The exercise aims to improve the sharing of best practices in tactics and procedures between the two nations’ armies.

• Beyond military drills, the exercise fosters stronger cultural and professional ties, promoting mutual understanding and respect. This is crucial for effective future collaboration.

• The news is significant because it highlights the growing military cooperation between India and Japan, demonstrating their commitment to joint security interests and capabilities.

NAKSHA

• The National Geospatial Knowledge-based Land Survey of Urban Habitations (NAKSHA) program was launched in Raisen, Madhya Pradesh.

• NAKSHA aims to create and update accurate land records in urban areas across 152 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in 26 states and 3 Union Territories.

• The program will use geospatial technology to improve land ownership documentation, reduce disputes, and enhance urban planning.

• It’s a pilot project costing ₹194 crore, fully funded by the Government of India.

• The Survey of India is the technical partner, conducting aerial surveys and providing imagery.

• Madhya Pradesh State Electronic Development Corporation (MPSEDC) will develop the web-GIS platform, and National Informatics Centre Services Inc. (NICSI) will provide storage.

• State and Union Territory governments will conduct field surveys and ground truthing.

• The initiative is expected to empower citizens, improve ease of living, and foster transparency and efficiency in property record administration.

• The program’s launch involved a drone demonstration, release of SOPs, and other events.

Ovoid Cells

• Discovery of “ovoid cells,” a new type of neuron with an egg-like shape.
• Located in the hippocampus of humans, mice, and other animals.
• Plays a fundamental role in recognition memory.
• Activated when encountering new objects, initiating a process for long-term memory storage (months to years).
• Distinct from other neurons in cellular structure, function, and circuitry.
• Their discovery offers crucial insights into memory formation.
• Potential implications for treating memory-related brain conditions like Alzheimer’s disease, autism spectrum disorder, and epilepsy.
• The hippocampus, where ovoid cells reside, is crucial for short-term memory and transferring it to long-term storage.
• Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive decline in memory, thinking, and other cognitive skills.

Parambikulam Tiger

• Recent faunal survey in Parambikulam Tiger Reserve (PTR) discovered 15 new species.

• PTR is located in Palakkad and Thrissur districts of Kerala, covering 391 sq. km.

• It was declared a Tiger Reserve in 2009.

• The Parambikulam, Sholayar, and Thekkady rivers flow through it.

• The reserve supports four tribal communities: Kadar, Malasar, Muduvar, and Mala Malasar.

• Diverse habitats include mixed deciduous, evergreen, semi-evergreen forests, montane and marshy grasslands (‘vayals’), teak plantations, and freshwater ecosystems.

• PTR boasts a dense gaur population and 49 mammal species (Bengal tigers, Asian elephants, etc.). Two species are endemic: Parambikulam Frog (Tomopterna parambikulamana) and a suckerfish (Garro surendranathanii).

• The survey added 7 new bird species (Painted spurfowl, Rufus-bellied hawk-eagle, etc.), bringing the total to 302.

• Five new butterfly species were also found, increasing the total to 273.

• Three new odonate species were identified, raising the total to 69.

• The survey also sighted elephants, gaurs, leopards, lion-tailed macaques, and other notable animals.

• The findings highlight PTR’s rich biodiversity, even during the dry season.

Waterworth Project

• Meta’s Project Waterworth is a massive, 50,000km subsea cable project connecting India, the US, Brazil, South Africa, and other key regions.

• It aims to improve global connectivity by using AI to enhance cable infrastructure, deployment, and maintenance.

• The cable will reach depths of up to 7,000 meters, employing enhanced burial techniques in high-risk areas to prevent damage.

• AI-driven predictive models will mitigate potential disruptions, increasing network resilience.

• The project promises industry-leading connectivity, boosting economic cooperation and digital inclusion in participating regions.

• It’s a multi-billion dollar investment, expected to be operational by the end of the decade, supporting Meta’s AI projects and global digital infrastructure.

• The initiative opens three new oceanic corridors with high-speed connectivity to accelerate global AI innovation.

• Project Waterworth will significantly contribute to India’s digital economy growth.

• Subsea cables account for over 95% of international internet traffic, making this project crucial for global communication.

Yoga Award

• Nominations Open: The Ministry of Ayush has opened nominations for the Prime Minister’s Yoga Awards 2025, recognizing contributions to Yoga promotion and development. This news is timely to encourage participation and highlight the importance of Yoga.

• Award Purpose: The awards honor significant and sustained contributions to Yoga, promoting its role in disease prevention, health promotion, and managing lifestyle disorders. This emphasizes Yoga’s broader societal impact.

• Award Categories: The awards are in four categories: National Individual, National Organization, International Individual, and International Organization. This ensures inclusivity and recognition across different areas.

• Eligibility and Process: Individuals (40+ years old, 20+ years Yoga service) and organizations can apply or be nominated. A Screening Committee and Evaluation Jury will determine the winners. The detailed process ensures fairness and credibility.

• Prizes: Winners receive a trophy, certificate, and a Rs. 25 lakh cash award. This incentivizes participation and recognizes the value of contributions.

• Government Commitment: The awards are personally endorsed

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  by the Prime Minister, showcasing the government’s dedication to Yoga’s growth and propagation. This adds prestige and importance to the awards.

• Application Deadline: The last date for nominations is March 31, 2025, accessible via the MyGov platform and Ministry of Ayush website, providing easy access and encouraging participation.

• Significance: The Prime Minister’s Yoga Awards are a prestigious recognition of contributions to Yoga. The awards aim to promote holistic health and well-being.

Measles Outbreak

• Measles, a highly contagious virus, is experiencing a resurgence in the U.S., particularly in Texas.

• The rise is attributed to lower vaccination rates and international travel bringing the virus from areas with higher infection rates.

• Measles is an airborne disease spread through respiratory droplets from coughs or sneezes. The virus can remain airborne for up to two hours.

• Symptoms include high fever, cough, runny nose, red watery eyes, and a characteristic rash starting on the face and spreading downward. Small white spots inside the mouth are another key indicator.

• Unvaccinated young children and pregnant women are at highest risk of severe complications.

• There is no specific antiviral treatment for measles.

• Prevention relies heavily on the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine, with two doses providing around 97% protection. Vaccination is recommended for all non-immune individuals.

• Additional preventative measures include frequent handwashing, maintaining distance from those exhibiting symptoms, and disinfecting surfaces.

• The MMR vaccine can be given to children as young as six months old for international travel, but the standard two doses are still required.

Komodo Readiness

• Indonesia is hosting the multilateral naval exercise Komodo.

• Exercise Komodo, launched in 2014, is a non-combat military exercise focused on maritime cooperation.

• The 2025 edition, themed “Maritime Partnership for Peace and Stability,” is the fifth biennial event.

• It involved 39 countries with numerous warships and aircraft participating in the fleet review and various exercises.

• The exercise includes naval drills, an officer exchange forum, bilateral meetings, a security symposium, a defense exhibition, and cultural events.

• India’s participation, including INS Shardul and P8I aircraft, demonstrates its commitment to regional security cooperation and the SAGAR doctrine (Security and Growth for All in the Region).

• Indian Navy’s participation follows recent naval exercises with Indonesia (La Perouse) and a visit by the Indonesian Navy Chief of Staff to India.

• The Indian Navy’s presence is also linked to the International Fleet Review (IFR) 2025 in Bali.

*The exercise aims to enhance maritime interoperability and regional security cooperation among participating nations.

The news is significant because it highlights India’s growing engagement with Southeast Asian nations in promoting maritime security and cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region. The participation in both the IFR and Exercise Komodo underscores India’s commitment to multilateralism and its strategic partnerships in the region. The timing, following other recent exercises and high-level visits, further emphasizes strengthening ties.

Katarniaghat Sanctuary

• Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary (KWS) is in news due to the discovery of a deceased 45-50-year-old male elephant within its dense forests.

• Located in Bahraich district, Uttar Pradesh, KWS is near the Indo-Nepal border.

• KWS is a crucial part of the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, along with Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary and Dudhwa National Park.

• It’s a 400.09 sq.km core area of the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, providing vital connectivity between tiger habitats in India and Nepal’s Bardia National Park.

• KWS boasts a diverse Terai ecosystem: sal and teak forests, grasslands, swamps, and wetlands.

• It’s renowned for its rich biodiversity, including endangered species: Gharial, tiger, rhino, swamp deer, hispid hare, Bengal florican, white-backed and long-billed vultures, and Gangetic dolphins.

• The Gairwa River within KWS is a sanctuary for Mugger crocodiles and Gharials, also supporting various aquatic life.

• The elephant’s death is currently under investigation by forest officials. The cause of death is yet to be determined.

TrailGuard AI

• TrailGuard AI, a camera-based anti-poaching system, has successfully reduced poaching incidents in Similipal Tiger Reserve, Odisha.

• The system uses AI to detect humans and wildlife, transmitting real-time alerts within 30 seconds. This enables rapid response to poaching attempts.

• In 10 months, 96 poachers were arrested and 86 guns seized due to TrailGuard’s assistance.

• The system features long-lasting (6 months to 1 year) batteries, small, durable design, and cost-effectiveness (Rs 50,000-53,000 per unit).

• TrailGuard combines durable hardware, on-the-edge AI algorithms, and real-time transmission. It operates on low power, activating only when motion is detected.

• The system is being expanded to other tiger reserves and national parks in India, aiming to mitigate human-wildlife conflict and improve conservation efforts.

• While effective, the system’s success requires proactive enforcement measures on the ground to follow up on alerts. This includes intelligence gathering and house raids.

• Concerns exist about limiting access to the forest for local communities, necessitating careful consideration and community engagement.

Yamuna

• The Yamuna River, a major tributary of the Ganges, originates in the Himalayas and flows through Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, and Delhi. Its confluence with the Ganges at Prayagraj is sacred to Hindus.

• A new, large-scale effort to clean the heavily polluted Yamuna River has begun in Delhi, aiming for restoration within three years. This follows a BJP election promise.

• The cleanup plan uses a four-pronged strategy: debris removal, improved sewage treatment (including building new plants), inter-departmental coordination, and stronger regulatory oversight to prevent industrial pollution.

• Previous cleanup efforts, including a significant financial investment by the AAP government and NGT directives, have yielded little tangible improvement due to various factors. These include land acquisition issues, unrealistic deadlines, lack of unified approach, and disputes between Delhi and neighboring states over water quality. A high-level committee’s work was halted by a Supreme Court stay.

• The BJP’s plan includes expanding sewage and effluent treatment capacity significantly. The party’s election victory in Delhi has led to the launch of this new initiative.

Loggerhead

• Loggerhead turtles are the world’s largest hard-shelled turtle, known for their large heads.

• They have a cosmopolitan distribution, nesting across the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, and the Mediterranean Sea.

• They are omnivorous, with a diverse diet of bottom-dwelling invertebrates.

• Their IUCN conservation status is vulnerable due to threats like bycatch, climate change, habitat loss, and pollution.

• A recent study revealed loggerheads can learn and remember magnetic field signatures of areas associated with food.

• When in a food-associated location, they exhibit a “turtle dance.”

• This indicates they possess a “magnetic map” sense, distinct from their magnetic “compass” sense, both used for navigation.

• The magnetic map sense doesn’t rely on the same mechanism as the compass, suggesting two separate geomagnetic sensory systems.

• This discovery advances understanding of how migratory species navigate using Earth’s magnetic field. The findings suggest similar dual systems may exist in other vertebrates.

ICD: Global Disease Codes

• The World Health Organization (WHO) released the 2025 edition of the International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11). Why: This signifies an update to a globally used standard.
• ICD-11 is a flagship WHO product. Why: Highlights its central role in global health initiatives.
• ICD-11 is crucial for identifying health trends and statistics worldwide. Why: Demonstrates its value in understanding global health patterns.
• It underpins the WHO’s efforts to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Why: Shows ICD-11’s importance in addressing health inequalities and meeting global health targets.
• ICD-11 provides critical knowledge on the extent, causes, and consequences of human disease and death. Why: Emphasizes its importance for understanding and addressing health issues.
• Clinical terms coded with ICD are the basis for health recording and statistics in various healthcare settings and cause of death certificates. Why: Reveals its practical use in healthcare and death documentation.
• The Central Bureau of Health Intelligence (CBHI) in India is a WHO Collaboration Centre for ICD-related activities. Why: Shows India’s involvement and support of ICD-11.

Kalyana Chalukyas

• Discovery: Three Kannada inscriptions from the Kalyana Chalukya era were newly discovered in Kankal village, Vikarabad district.
  • Why: This is significant as it provides new historical evidence about the Kalyana Chalukyas, offering insight into their rule, construction activities, and local administration.
• Inscriptions’ Details: The inscriptions are dated to the 4th, 5th, and 6th regal years of Emperor Someswara-III (1129-1132 CE). They document the construction and donations related to the Bijjeswara temple in the village.
  • Why: They give context to the religious practices and land management of the era and provides a timeline of the dynasty and their rulers.
• Kalyana Chalukya Overview: The Kalyana Chalukyas, also known as the Western Chalukyas, ruled parts of the Deccan plateau from the 6th to 12th centuries.
  • Why: This situates the inscriptions within the broader historical context of the dynasty. They were a significant Kannadiga dynasty.
• Founder: Tailapa II established the empire.
  • Why: Important for understanding the dynasty’s origins and the context of their rule.
• Most Famous King: Vikramaditya VI (1076-1126 CE) ruled during the zenith of their power.
  • Why: Highlighting a period of prosperity and influence that reflects on their legacy.
• Decline: The empire declined after Vikramaditya VI’s death, facing internal rebellions and external conflicts with the Cholas.
  • Why: Explains the empire’s eventual downfall.
• Contributions: They promoted Kannada and Telugu literature, minted gold coins (pagodas), and contributed to Deccan architecture (Gadag style).
  • Why: Highlights their cultural impact and legacy.

Gravehawk

• New Weapon System for Ukraine: Ukraine has acquired the Gravehawk hybrid surface-to-air missile system.

  • Why: To defend against Russian missile attacks.

• Short-Range Air Defense: The Gravehawk is a short-range surface-to-air missile system.

  • Why: Designed to counter threats like drones, cruise missiles, and low-flying aircraft.

• Developed by the UK: The system originates from the United Kingdom.

  • Why: Provides a known source and potential for support/maintenance.

• Rapid Deployment and Mobility: Mounted on an all-terrain vehicle chassis.

  • Why: Allows for quick movement and positioning on the battlefield.

• High-Speed Missiles: Missiles reach up to Mach 2.5 with a range of approximately 12 miles.

  • Why: Enables interception of fast-moving targets over a significant distance.

• Passive Infrared Guidance: Uses infrared radiation for target tracking.

  • Why: Avoids radar emissions, thus reducing the risk of detection by the enemy.

• Remote

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  Operation: Features electro-optical and infrared targeting cameras for remote firing.
  • Why: Enables operators to launch missiles from a safe distance.

Skill India Mission

• Expansion of Skilling Footprint: NSDC announced the launch of 50 new future skills centers and 10 international academies. This signifies a significant push to broaden its training network across India.
• Increased Number of Industry-Aligned Programs: More than 300 industry-aligned programs will be offered. This emphasizes NSDC’s commitment to training that meets current industry demands.
• NSDC’s Role: NSDC, established in 2009, is a non-profit entity formed by the Ministry of Finance. It aims to promote skill development and create large, quality vocational institutions.
• Funding and Support: NSDC provides funding to build scalable and profitable vocational training initiatives. It supports training initiatives and focuses on quality assurance, information systems, and train-the-trainer programs.
• Public-Private Partnership: NSDC is a public-private partnership. The government of India holds 49% equity through the Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE), while the private sector holds 51%.
• Objectives: The aim of National Skill Development Mission is to create a skilled workforce, align skills with industry needs, expand training access, promote entrepreneurship, improve the quality of training.
• Not a Statutory Body: NSDC is not a statutory body.

Sarojini Naidu

• National Women’s Day: Observed annually in India on February 13th to commemorate Sarojini Naidu’s birth anniversary. The day honors her contributions to the freedom movement and women’s empowerment, promoting gender equality and leadership.

• “Nightingale of India”: Sarojini Naidu was famously known as the “Nightingale of India” for her lyrical poetry, which beautifully captured India’s culture, the struggle for independence, and the fight for women’s rights.

• Birth and Early Life: Born on February 13, 1879, in Hyderabad. She was highly intelligent from a young age, encouraged by her scientist and educator father.

• Freedom Fighter and Political Leader: A renowned Indian poet, freedom fighter, and politician, she significantly contributed to India’s independence movement. She participated in key movements like the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Salt Satyagraha.

• Pioneer for Women’s Rights: She championed women’s suffrage, heading the All-India Women’s Deputation in 1917 and founding the Women’s India Association. She became the fourth president of the All India Women’s Conference (AIWC) in 1930.

• Firsts in Leadership: She became the first Indian woman to preside over the Indian National Congress (1925) and the first Indian woman to be appointed as a state governor (Uttar Pradesh, 1947).

• Literary Works: She was a celebrated poet, with published works including Songs; The Golden Threshold, Bird of Time, The Broken Wing, and The Feather of the Dawn.

Namaste Scheme

• What it is: The “NAMASTE Scheme” (National Action for Mechanized Sanitation Ecosystem) aims to eliminate hazardous cleaning of sewers and septic tanks.
• Who’s Involved: Jointly implemented by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE) and the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA). The National Safai Karamcharis Finance Development Corporation (NSKFDC) under MoSJE is the implementing agency.
• Duration: It will be implemented for three years, from FY 2023-24 to FY 2025-26.
• Target Group: Sanitation workers and waste pickers in urban areas of India.
• Main Objectives:
  • Achieve zero fatalities in sanitation work.
  • Ensure all sanitation work is performed by skilled workers.
  • Eliminate direct contact of sanitation workers with human waste.
  • Empower sanitation workers by forming Self-Help Groups (SHGs) to run their own sanitation
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    enterprises.
  • Provide alternative livelihood options for sanitation workers.
• Recent Developments: PPE Kits and Ayushman cards are being distributed to Sewer and Septic Tank Workers (SSWs) under the NAMASTE scheme to ensure their safety and promote social and economic empowerment.
• Overall goal: to provide dignity to Safai Karamcharis and to empower them socially and economically. This reflects the government’s commitment to “Vanchiton Ko Variyata” and “Viksit Bharat”

White-Winged Duck

• Rare sighting: A pair of endangered White-Winged Ducks (Deo Hanh), Assam’s state bird, was recently spotted in Dihing Patkai National Park.

• Endangered status: Classified as “Critically Endangered” on the IUCN Red List since 1994, making them one of the most threatened waterfowl species.

• Habitat: Prefers freshwater wetlands, swamps, slow-moving streams, and dense tropical forests. Found in parts of South and Southeast Asia.

• Location in India: Primarily found in Assam (Dibru-Saikhowa National Park, Kaziranga National Park), Arunachal Pradesh, and Manipur. The recent sighting highlights its presence in Dihing Patkai National Park.

• Characteristics: Black body, white head spotted with black, conspicuous white wing patches, red or orange eyes.

• Conservation Efforts: A “White-Winged Duck Recovery Project” is underway, including passive acoustic monitoring and habitat identification. Active conservation efforts are being implemented to help restore their population.

• Threats: Population decline due to hunting and habitat loss, particularly deforestation. Historical population in India was around 300-400, but the current figure is unknown.

• Significance: The White-Winged Duck is a crucial indicator of wetland and forest health, and its survival is critical for biodiversity conservation.

Simlipal Tigers

• Recent Arrests: Simlipal Tiger Reserve (STR) authorities arrested six poachers for hunting a mouse deer. This highlights ongoing threats to wildlife within the reserve.
  • Why Important: Shows the need for continued vigilance and enforcement to protect the reserve’s fauna.
• Location: Situated in Mayurbhanj District, Odisha.
  • Why Important: Provides geographical context and clarifies its administrative location for further reporting.
• Historical Significance: Designated a tiger reserve in 1973 under Project Tiger, declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1979, and later a national park. Added to UNESCO’s Biosphere Reserves in 2009.
  • Why Important: Showcases its long-standing importance in conservation efforts and its international recognition.
• Biodiversity: Home to various species, including tigers, elephants, hill mynahs, 55 mammals, 304 birds, and many more. Also boasts 1078 plant species. Holds highest tiger population in Odisha.
  • Why Important: Emphasizes the rich biodiversity and ecological significance of the reserve, making it a crucial conservation area.
• Current Threats: Poaching incidents, as evidenced by the recent arrests.
  • Why Important: Highlights the challenges and dangers facing wildlife conservation efforts.
• Terrain and Geography: Characterized by undulating hills, plateaus, grasslands, waterfalls (Joranda, Barehipani), and the highest peak (Khairiburu and Meghashini). Part of Mayurbhanj Elephant Reserve.
  • Why Important: Provides a comprehensive overview of the landscape, making the conservation effort relevant to protecting a diverse ecosystem.

Etna Volcano

• Mount Etna Eruption: Europe’s tallest and most active volcano, Mount Etna, has erupted, spewing lava and ash.

  • Why: This is a significant natural event, potentially impacting local communities and air travel.

• Geographic Significance: Located in Sicily, Italy, and positioned on a convergent plate boundary. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the most active volcanoes in the world.

  • Why: Highlights the volcano’s geological importance and its potential for future activity. It is also a Decade Volcano.

• Cooperative Bank Investigations: The Enforcement Directorate (ED) is investigating 18 cases of money laundering in Kerala involving cooperative banks and societies.

  • Why: Points to financial irregularities, including illegal loans, overvalued properties, and multiple loans on the same property. This will probably affect the peoples who have money in these societies

Colorectal Health

• Rising Incidence: Medical experts highlight an increase in colorectal diseases in India.
• Definition: Colorectal diseases encompass a variety of digestive conditions affecting the colon and rectum.
• Disease Types: These diseases can be inflammatory, infectious, functional, or cancerous, ranging in severity.
• Examples: Common colorectal diseases include colon and rectal cancer, diverticulitis, and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) like Crohn’s and ulcerative colitis.
• Commonality and Symptoms: Colorectal diseases are widespread, causing symptoms such as abdominal pain or rectal bleeding; some are asymptomatic.
• Prevention:
  • Dietary: Emphasize a high-fiber diet with whole grains, fruits, and vegetables, and reduce red meat consumption.
  • Lifestyle: Promote regular physical activity, adequate hydration, and avoidance of smoking and alcohol.
• Screening and Early Detection:
  • Colonoscopy: Recommended for individuals over 45 years old.
  • Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): Used to detect hidden blood in stool.
• Public Health Initiatives: Importance of awareness programs for screening and lifestyle changes.
• Major Organs: Colon (large intestine) is a key part of the digestive system and plays a crucial role in the digestive process.

Anamudi Shola

• Development Approval: The National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) has approved the use of 0.0442 hectares of forest land from Anamudi Shola National Park for constructing a weir across the Silandhi river. (Why: This signifies a change in land use within the protected area, impacting its conservation status.)

• Location: Situated in the Western Ghats region of Kerala. (Why: This highlights its ecological significance as part of a globally recognized biodiversity hotspot.)

• Surrounding Protected Areas: Bordered by Eravikulam National Park, Pampadum Shola National Park, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, and Mathikettan Shola Park. (Why: This emphasizes the park’s role in a larger conservation network, contributing to ecosystem connectivity.)

• Ecosystem Diversity: Consists of southern subtropical hill forests, southern montane wet temperate forests, and moist deciduous forests. (Why: This points to the variety of habitats and associated flora and fauna the park supports.)

• Unique Forest Features: The dense shola woods house a dense patch of stunted trees with a luxurious presence of lichen, mosses, and climbers. (Why: This underscores the unique biodiversity and microclimates characteristic of shola forests.)

• Rich Biodiversity: Home to around 174 species of herbs and shrubs, 62 species of trees, and around 40 species of climbers, with several endemic species. Also harbors a diverse fauna including leopards, civet cats, wolves, Indian bison, wild boars, elephants, tigers, Panthers, and sloth bears. (Why: This underscores its value in terms of biodiversity conservation.)

• Highest Peak: Anamudi is the highest peak and one of the three ultra-prominent peaks in South India. (Why: This provides a geographical reference to Anamudi and its significance.)

• Silandhi river: The river that flows through Anamudi Shola National Park. (Why: To identify the water body involved.)

Eilat Gulf

• Location & Geography: The Gulf of Eilat, also known as the Gulf of Aqaba, is located at the northeastern end of the Red Sea. It’s east of the Sinai Peninsula and west of the Arabian Peninsula. It’s a narrow sea inlet bordered by land on three sides, formed by seismic activity within the East African Rift System.

• Coral Reef History: A recent study indicates the coral reefs in the Gulf of Eilat experienced a significant 3,000-year period of suppressed growth, from approximately 4,400 to 1,000 years ago. This suggests environmental sensitivity to past climate changes, potentially linked to global cooling and decreased sea levels.

• Ecological Significance: The Gulf sustains unique and diverse aquatic ecosystems and is renowned for its rich coral reefs, making it an essential habitat for marine life.

• Strategic Importance: The Tiran Strait connects the Gulf to the Red Sea, creating a crucial passage between Asia and Africa.

• Bordering Nations: The Gulf is bordered by Israel, Jordan, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia.

• Key Cities: Major cities along the northern end of the Gulf include Eilat (Israel), Aqaba (Jordan), and Taba (Egypt).

Amsterdam Island

• Ongoing Fire: Amsterdam Island, a French territory in the southern Indian Ocean, has been experiencing a fire for nearly a month. This highlights an environmental concern.

• Location: The

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  island is situated in the southern Indian Ocean, roughly equidistant from Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar, and other territories. Its remote location emphasizes the challenges of dealing with the fire.

• Geography: Amsterdam Island is a small, volcanic island (approximately 55 sq. km) with a potentially active stratovolcano, adding a layer of geological interest.

• Limited Human Presence: While uninhabited, the island hosts a small scientific research station (Martin-de-Viviès), indicating a scientific focus. The fire could endanger these researchers.

• Ecological Significance: It’s home to the rare Amsterdam albatross and is the only French sub-Antarctic island supporting a native tree (Phylica nitida), pointing to a unique ecosystem at risk. The fire threatens these species.

Bhadra Tigers

• Leopard Death & Probe Demand: Wildlife activists are calling for an investigation into the recent death of a leopard in Bhadra Tiger Reserve. The animal was found dead with a spinal injury and activists suspect it was hit by a safari vehicle a month prior.

• Location & Significance: Bhadra Tiger Reserve is located in the Western Ghats of Karnataka. It’s the 25th Project Tiger reserve in India (declared in 1998) and has a significant tiger population. It is also an Elephant Reserve.

• Concerns about Cause of Death: Activists allege the leopard was injured earlier by a safari vehicle and may have died from starvation. They are requesting a thorough investigation and better control of safari vehicle movement.

• Veterinary Findings: Veterinarians found an injury in the spine and after post-mortem the carcass was burnt.

• Habitat Diversity: The reserve has diverse vegetation including dry-deciduous, moist-deciduous, shola, and semi-evergreen patches. The area is also well drained by the Bhadra river and its tributaries.

• Species: The reserve is home to various species including Tigers, Leopards, and many other animals.

• Response from Authorities: The Conservator of Forests of Chikkamagaluru Circle has stated he would look into the issue.

• River & Dam: The Bhadra River flows through the reserve. The Bhadra Dam (Lakkavalli Dam) is built on this river.

Fetus in Fetu

• Rare Condition Detected: Doctors in Maharashtra, India, recently identified a case of “foetus in foetu” in a pregnant woman. This is a very rare congenital disorder.

• What it is: “Foetus in foetu” is a rare condition where an underdeveloped twin is found inside the body of its twin. It occurs in monozygotic (identical) twin pregnancies.

• How it Happens: It’s believed to result from an uneven cell split in the embryo around 10-15 days after conception. One twin becomes smaller and trapped within the other, which is considered a singleton pregnancy.

• The Parasitic Twin: The trapped twin (parasitic) relies on the host twin for blood and nutrients. The parasitic twin might have some features like limbs and a spine, but lacks vital organs like a brain.

• Impact on the Host: The host twin’s health can be affected because it has to feed the parasitic twin. The parasitic twin’s growth can also compress the host twin’s organs.

• Discovery and Treatment: The condition was found during a routine scan. The undeveloped twin was removed via surgery after the baby’s birth, and both mother and baby recovered well.

• Rarity: It affects about one in 500,000 births and has a global occurrence with only a few cases reported in India.

• Why it’s a Mystery: The exact cause is unknown and the presentation varies, making diagnosis difficult. Some believe it may be a developmental anomaly and not a true twin pregnancy.

Alzheimer’s

• New Research Reveals a Potential Single Cause: Scientists have linked the development of Alzheimer’s disease to the formation of “stress granules” in brain cells.
• What are Stress Granules? They are clumps of
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  proteins and RNA that form when a cell is under biological stress, disrupting essential cellular processes.
• How Stress Granules Contribute to Alzheimer’s: These granules can interfere with molecule movement, leading to tau protein tangles and inflammation, key markers of the disease.
• Alzheimer’s is a Serious Health Concern: It’s the seventh leading cause of death in the US, affecting nearly 7 million Americans, with numbers projected to rise significantly by 2050.
• Age and Symptoms: Primarily affects people aged 65 and older, with early signs including memory loss, difficulty with language, and progressing to severe memory problems and loss of daily function.
• No Cure, But Management: There’s no cure, but medications and therapies can help manage symptoms temporarily.
• Dementia vs. Alzheimer’s: Alzheimer’s is the most common type of dementia, a decline in mental ability, not the same.
• Risk Factors: Factors include genetics, age, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
• Lifestyle and Prevention: Healthy habits like a balanced diet, exercise, and sufficient sleep may help.
• Biological Stress vs. Psychological Stress: The stress related to stress granules refers to cellular-level challenges, not emotional stress.

Corruption Index

• India’s CPI Rank and Score: India ranked 96th out of 180 countries in the 2024 Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) with a score of 38. This is a decrease from 39 in 2023 and 40 in 2022.

• CPI Methodology: The CPI is a widely used global corruption ranking published annually by Transparency International since 1995. It measures perceived public sector corruption based on expert assessments and opinion surveys, using a scale of 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean).

• Global Trends: The global average score remains stagnant at 43. Over two-thirds of countries score below 50. There is a link between corruption and declining democracy, instability, and human rights violations.

• Regional Comparisons: In the Asia-Pacific region, the average score dropped to 44, with countries failing to meet anti-corruption pledges. Among India’s neighbors, Pakistan (135), Sri Lanka (121), and Bangladesh (149) ranked lower. China ranked 76.

• Corruption and Climate Action: The 2024 CPI highlights the connection between corruption and climate action, hindering emission reduction efforts and adaptation measures. Funds meant for climate initiatives are often stolen or misused, obstructing effective climate policies.

• Least Corrupt Countries: Denmark tops the list, followed by Finland and Singapore.

• Impact and Importance: Corruption undermines development, erodes public trust, and disproportionately affects the poor and disadvantaged. Combating corruption is crucial for a peaceful, free, and sustainable world.

US-India COMPACT

• US-India COMPACT Initiative Launched: The US and India have launched the Catalyzing Opportunities for Military Partnership, Accelerated Commerce & Technology (COMPACT) initiative.
• Deepening Military Partnerships: The initiative focuses on strengthening military ties, technology transfer, and defense industrial collaboration.
• Ten-Year Defense Framework: A new ten-year framework is established, promising increased US defense sales and co-production opportunities.
• Advancing Defense Technologies: Cooperation will be accelerated in space, air defense, missile systems, and maritime operations, with the launch of the Autonomous Systems Industry Alliance (ASIA) for AI-enabled defense.
• Economic and Trade Expansion: The goal is to double bilateral trade to $500 billion by 2030, with plans to negotiate a Bilateral Trade Agreement by Fall 2025.
• Strengthening Technology & Innovation Ties: The US-India TRUST initiative is launched to boost cooperation in defense, AI, semiconductors, quantum computing, biotechnology, energy, and space.
• Space and Critical Minerals Partnership: The initiative includes a focus on space collaboration with the introduction of INDUS Innovation and partnerships with NASA and ISRO for upcoming launches.

Adjusted Gross Revenue

• Definition of AGR: Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR) is the metric used to determine the revenue telecom operators must share with the government for spectrum usage and licensing.

• Supreme Court Ruling: The Supreme Court has rejected review petitions from Vodafone Idea and Bharti Airtel, effectively closing all AGR-related legal avenues for the companies.

• AGR Calculation Dispute: A key point of contention has been the definition of AGR. The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) wants to include all telecom company revenues, including non-telecom sources like interest and asset sales. Telecom companies, however, argue that AGR should only include revenue from telecom services.

• Supreme Court’s Definition: In 2019, the Supreme Court sided with the government, widening the AGR definition. The court included almost all revenues within the AGR calculation.

• Financial Implications: The court’s decisions have significant financial implications, particularly for companies like Vodafone Idea, which has substantial AGR dues. Vodafone Idea owes 70,000 crore in AGR.

• Vodafone Idea’s Challenges: Vodafone Idea faces massive regulatory payouts starting in FY26 after a moratorium, and is seeking financial support from the government and lenders.

Matsya 6000: India’s Deep Dive

• India’s First Manned Submersible: Matsya 6000 is India’s first manned submersible, marking a significant step in deep-sea exploration.

• Deep-Sea Exploration: Designed for deep-sea mining and biodiversity studies, it will explore the ocean at depths of up to 6,000 meters.

• Advanced Capabilities: Equipped with cutting-edge technology, including life support, navigation, robotic arms, and imaging systems, enabling deep-sea observation and sample collection.

• Samudrayaan Mission: Developed by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) under the Samudrayaan Mission, showcasing India’s commitment to ocean exploration.

• Titanium Alloy Personnel Sphere: Features a 2.1-meter Titanium alloy sphere, developed with ISRO, to safely carry three crew members to great depths.

• Extended Operational Capabilities: Capable of continuous operations for up to 12 hours at 6,000 meters, with an emergency endurance of up to 96 hours.

• Part of the Deep Ocean Mission: Aligned with the Indian government’s Blue Economy policy, focusing on studying deep-ocean resources and conducting biodiversity assessments.

• Nodal Ministry: The Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) oversees the project, highlighting its importance in scientific and technological advancement.

• Timeline: Expected to be operational by 2026, signifying a future expansion of India’s oceanographic capabilities.

Hidden Prompt Injection

• What is Indirect Prompt Injection: A technique that manipulates AI chatbots to execute malicious commands by embedding instructions within seemingly benign documents or emails.

• How it Works: Exploits LLMs’ tendency to follow instructions embedded in processed content. Attackers insert malicious commands that trigger unauthorized actions.

• Potential Impacts: Data breaches, misinformation, manipulation of chatbot’s long-term memory.

• Vulnerability: LLMs’ inherent trust in input, making them susceptible to deceptive prompts.

• Delayed Tool Invocation: A sophisticated technique where malicious instructions are executed based on user actions, making attacks more covert.

• Long-Term Memory Corruption: Malicious documents can plant false memories in chatbots, leading to persistent misinformation and compromised reliability.

• Current Status: Despite security efforts, indirect prompt injection remains a significant unresolved issue, necessitating continuous innovation in AI security.

• Illustrative Example: Cybersecurity researcher Johann Rehberger demonstrated how Google’s Gemini chatbot could be manipulated through this method.

Laokhowa Sanctuary

• Rhino Reintroduction: After 40 years, one-horned rhinos have been reintroduced, highlighting conservation efforts.
• Waterbird Haven: The sanctuary’s wetlands are attracting more water birds than Deepor Beel, Assam’s only Ramsar site, indicating a thriving ecosystem.
• Location: Situated in the Nagaon District of Assam, along the southern part of the Brahmaputra River.
• Size and Designation: Spans approximately 70.13 sq.km and was declared a buffer zone of the Kaziranga Tiger Reserve in 2007, making it part of the Laokhowa-Burachapori ecosystem. This buffer zone status is important for broader conservation efforts.
• Ecosystem: It is part of the Brahmaputra valley and is surrounded by human-dominated areas on all sides except the north, meaning wildlife faces challenges.
• Rich Biodiversity: Supports diverse flora, including grasslands and forests. Also includes notable fauna like tigers, elephants, wild boar, rhinos, and various bird species including Bengal Florican. This biodiversity is key for regional conservation.

BRICS Nations

• US Threatens Tariffs: Former US President Donald Trump has warned BRICS nations of a 100% tariff on all imports to the US if they proceed with launching a common currency.

• Trump’s Stance: Trump declared “BRICS is dead,” dismissing its relevance and highlighting US leverage over the bloc. He views the group’s potential currency as a threat to the US dollar.

• BRICS Background: BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and now including Saudi Arabia, Iran, UAE, Egypt and Indonesia) aims to challenge the dominance of Western-led global institutions. It seeks greater economic cooperation and influence.

• De-Dollarization Efforts: BRICS countries are actively discussing reducing dependence on the US dollar, promoting the use of local currencies for trade.

• Trump’s Trade Strategy: Trump advocates for strict reciprocal tariffs, asserting that the US will impose equal tariffs on countries that tax US exports.

• Global Tensions: Trump’s remarks exacerbate trade tensions, especially with major BRICS economies like China, India, and Russia.

Bose Grant

• New Grant: The Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) has launched the J. C. Bose Grant (JBG).
• Restructured Fellowship: It’s a restructured version of the J. C. Bose Fellowship, previously under the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB).
• Purpose: The grant recognizes and supports outstanding senior Indian scientists and engineers.
• Eligibility: Open to active, senior Indian researchers with proven excellence, holding at least a Professor-level position in an Indian institution.
• Focus: Designed to enhance research in cutting-edge scientific and technological areas, including agriculture, medicine, humanities, and social sciences.
• Funding: Provides annual research funding of Rs. 25 lakhs for five years. Additionally, an annual overhead of Rs. 1.0 lakh will be provided to the implementing institution.
• Selection: Conducted annually by a Search-cum-Selection Committee.
• Continuation Post-Retirement: The grant can continue even after the Principal Investigator (PI) superannuates, subject to the host institution’s willingness, until the age of 68.
• Overall Goal: Aligned with the National Education Policy (NEP) to promote research and development (R&D) and innovation. It aims to strengthen the country’s research ecosystem.

Article 356: India

• President’s Rule Imposed in Manipur: Following the resignation of Chief Minister N. Biren Singh, President Droupadi Murmu imposed President’s Rule in Manipur under Article 356 of the Indian Constitution.
  • Why: The government was “satisfied that a situation had arisen that the “government of that State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of India.” This comes after two years of ethnic violence.
• Article 356 and its Application: Article 356 allows the President to take over a state government if the constitutional machinery fails. It is also known as State Emergency or Constitutional Emergency.
• Trigger: The President acted after receiving a report from the Governor, Ajay Kumar Bhalla.
• Parliamentary Approval Required: The proclamation requires approval from both Houses of Parliament within two months.
• Consequences of Imposition: The State Assembly will be under suspended animation. The Governor will administer the state. The Parliament will pass the state bills and budget.
• Duration and Extensions: Initially valid for six months, it can be extended up to three years with parliamentary approval every six months. The 44th Amendment to the Constitution brought in constraints.
• Background: The imposition of President’s Rule in Manipur stems from ongoing ethnic violence between the Kuki-Zo and Meitei communities, resulting in over 250 deaths and displacement of approximately 60,000 people since May 3, 2023. The Congress has been demanding President’s Rule for 20 months.
• Political Reactions: The Congress criticized the timing, saying the situation had deteriorated. The ITLF welcomed the move, anticipating it will help end violence. The CPI(M) wants immediate revocation and fresh elections.
• Former Chief Minister’s Statement: N. Biren Singh highlighted
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  concerns regarding illegal immigration in the state, citing threats to land and identity.

Sudan Virus

• Outbreak Confirmed: Uganda and the WHO have confirmed an outbreak of Sudan virus disease (SVD). The index case is a 32-year-old male nurse.
• Deadly Disease: SVD is a severe viral hemorrhagic fever similar to Ebola, with a high case fatality rate. The index case is the sole recorded death as of February 11.
• Symptoms: Symptoms include fever, aches, fatigue, potentially progressing to diarrhea, vomiting, and bleeding.
• Origin and Nature: Caused by the Sudan virus (SUDV), first identified in southern Sudan in 1976. SUDV is enzootic, meaning it exists in animal reservoirs within the region.
• Transmission: Person-to-person spread through contact with bodily fluids.
• No Approved Treatments or Vaccines: Currently, no approved treatments or vaccines exist for SVD.
• Past Outbreaks & Fatality Rate: A 2022 outbreak in Uganda had 164 cases and 77 deaths, a fatality rate of 47%.
• Treatment Approach: Early supportive treatment can improve outcomes, including fluid replacement and treating symptoms.
• Similarity to Ebola: Both Sudan and Ebola viruses are from the orthoebolavirus family, with similar symptoms. Ebola vaccines are unlikely to be effective against SVD.
• Efforts for Mitigation: Efforts are underway to test vaccine candidates and monoclonal antibody treatments.
• Importance of International Cooperation: International cooperation is vital to address global health threats.
• Impact of Climate Change: Climate change will likely affect the spread of diseases like SVD.

Ongole Bulls

• Record-Breaking Sale: A cow of the Ongole breed named Viatina-19, sold for a record $4.82 million (approximately Rs 41 crore) at an auction in Brazil, making it the most expensive cow in the world.

• Breed Origin and Characteristics: Ongole cattle are indigenous to the Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh, India. They are known for their hardiness, disease resistance, and ability to thrive in harsh conditions. They are triple-purpose cattle, used for draught, milk, and meat.

• Viatina-19’s Traits: Viatina-19 weighs 1,101 kg and exhibits superior genetics, strength, heat resistance, and a muscular build. She also won the “Miss South America” title at the Cow Champion of the World pageant and is listed in the Guinness World Records.

• International Demand: Ongole cattle are highly valued internationally, particularly in Brazil, for dairy and breeding purposes, because of their unique traits.

• Lack of Recognition in India: Despite the breed’s global success, it lacks recognition and support in India due to insufficient breeding programs and government initiatives. Indian farmers face challenges, and the breed’s potential is not being fully utilized domestically.

• Expert Opinion: Manne Anjaneyulu, a cattle breeder, stated that India could regain its indigenous cattle breeds’ status through conservation efforts and genetic improvement programs.

Tax Year

• New Concept Introduced: The Income Tax Bill 2025 introduces a new “Tax Year” concept.

• Replacing the Assessment Year: The “Tax Year” will replace the current “Assessment Year” which is confusing for taxpayers.

• Unified Financial Year: The Tax Year will align with the financial year (April 1 – March 31), the same period in which income is earned.

• Eliminates Confusion: This change aims to remove confusion between the “Previous Year” (when income is earned) and the “Assessment Year” (when tax is assessed).

• Simplified Tax Filing: Taxpayers can simply refer to the Tax Year, streamlining tax computation and filing processes.

• International Alignment: The move brings India in line with international standards as many countries use a single tax year.

• Easier Advance Tax Computation: Simplified advance tax calculations by using just the Tax Year, instead of navigating between the Previous Year and Assessment Year.

• Example: Under current rules, income earned from April 1, 2024, to March 31, 2025, is the “Previous Year,” and the tax assessment in 2025-26 is based on income. The new bill simplifies this; for income earned from April 1, 2025, to March 31, 2026, it will simply be called the “Tax Year 2025-26”.

Black Seadevil

• Rare Sighting: Researchers recorded the first-ever sighting of an adult black seadevil fish (Melanocetus johnsonii) in broad daylight, off the coast of Tenerife, Spain.

• Deep-Sea Dweller: The black seadevil fish typically lives in the deep ocean, between 200 and 2000 meters deep, in areas of total darkness.

• Appearance and Hunting: Known for its terrifying appearance, it has sharp teeth and a “fishing rod” (a bioluminescent lure) to attract prey.

• “True-Blue Predator”: The black seadevil fish is a carnivorous predator that primarily feeds on small fish and invertebrates.

• Unusual Location: The sighting near the coast was surprising, as previous encounters were limited to submarine footage, larvae, or dead specimens.

• Why Near Surface: The reason for being near the surface is unknown, possibly due to illness, currents, or fleeing predators. The fish was injured and died a few hours after discovery.

• Conservation Status: Classified as “Least Concern” on the IUCN Red List.

PARAS-2 Spectro

• Discovery of Exoplanet: Scientists used the PARAS-2 Spectrograph to discover a new “sub-Saturn” exoplanet named TOI-6038A b.

  • Why: This discovery expands our understanding of exoplanets and provides an opportunity to study planetary formation.

  • PARAS-2 Spectrograph: It’s a state-of-the-art, high-resolution spectrograph located at the Mt Abu Telescope.

  • Why: The PARAS-2 is a cutting-edge instrument, improving the capabilities of its predecessor.

  • Capabilities:

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    It operates in the 380-690 nm waveband and aims to detect super-Earth-like worlds. It has sub-m/s precision in radial velocity (RV).

  • Why: These capabilities are crucial for detecting and characterizing exoplanets orbiting G and K dwarf stars.

  • Significance: PARAS-2 is the highest-resolution spectrograph in Asia.

  • Why: This makes it a valuable tool for astronomical research.

  • “Sub-Saturn” Exoplanet: TOI-6038A b is in a transition region, unlike any planet in our solar system.

  • Why: Studying this unique exoplanet offers insight into planetary formation and evolution, offering a rare opportunity for deeper understanding.

BrahMos NG Missile

• BrahMos NG Development: The next-generation BrahMos NG missile is nearing its first flight test in 2026, with production slated to start in 2027-28. This signifies a significant advancement in India’s defense capabilities.

• Joint Development: It’s a joint project between India and Russia. This collaborative approach leverages expertise from both nations, streamlining technology and efficiency.

• Enhanced Features:

  • Smaller, lighter, and more compact than its predecessor, allowing it to fit on a wider range of platforms, including the Sukhoi-30MKI and LCA Tejas.
  • Weighs 1.6 tonnes (vs. 3 tonnes of the older version) and is 6 meters long (vs. 9 meters).
  • Maintains a range of 290 km and a speed of up to 3.5 Mach, offering potent offensive capabilities.
  • Features a reduced radar cross-section for enhanced stealth, making it harder to detect.
  • Equipped with a domestically-produced seeker and AESA radar for improved precision.

• Export Potential: India is actively pursuing export deals for the BrahMos missile system. A deal with Indonesia is in advanced stages and could be worth around $450 million. This signals India’s growing influence in the global defense market.

• Platform Compatibility: It is compatible with various platforms (air, sea, and land), increasing its utility.

• Other countries interest: Several African and West Asian countries have shown interest in the missile system.

Climate Risk Index

• India’s Rank: India ranks sixth among the top 10 countries most affected by extreme weather events from 1993-2023, according to the Climate Risk Index (CRI). This indicates a high vulnerability to climate-related disasters.

• What the CRI is: The CRI, published by Germanwatch, assesses the impacts of climate-related extreme weather events. It’s a backward-looking index measuring economic and human impacts, including fatalities, injuries, and homelessness. It considers the impact of events on the countries.

• Methodology: The CRI uses data from the International Disaster Database (EM-DAT) and socio-economic data from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to rank countries based on the degree of impact.

• India’s Impacts: Since 1993, India has faced over 400 extreme weather events, resulting in $180 billion in losses and at least 80,000 fatalities. Floods, heatwaves, and cyclones have been major contributors to these impacts.

• Notable Events: Devastating floods (1993, 1998, 2013), and severe heatwaves (2002, 2003, 2015) have significantly impacted India. The Gujarat and Odisha cyclones and cyclones Hudhud and Amphan caused fatalities and economic losses.

• Global Context: Globally, climate-related events have caused over 765,000 fatalities and $4.2 trillion in economic losses. The CRI also provides insights into which countries have been affected the most by extreme events in the past year.

• Disparities & Financial Support: Vulnerable countries with limited resources are disproportionately affected. The report advocates for increased financial support and stronger mitigation efforts to limit warming to 1.5°C.

Arab League

• Rejection of U.S. Gaza Plan: The Arab League rejected the U.S. President’s Gaza relocation plan, deeming it unacceptable. This highlights the League’s role in collectively addressing and opposing policies impacting Arab territories and interests.
• Definition: The Arab League is a voluntary association of Arabic-speaking countries, where Arabic is an official language, located in the Middle East and parts of Africa.
• Formation and Purpose: Formed in 1945 with six founding members (Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, later joined by Yemen), it aimed to address postwar colonial divisions and opposition to the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine. Its core goals are to strengthen relations, coordinate collaboration, safeguard member independence and sovereignty, and provide collective consideration of member affairs.
• Membership: Currently comprises 22 member states. Brazil, Eritrea, India, and Venezuela have observer status.
• Decision Making: The Council, the highest body, has representatives from each member state, each having one vote. Decisions are majority-based and binding only on consenting states.
• Secretariat: The General Secretariat manages the League’s daily operations, headed by a Secretary-General appointed every five years.
• Objectives: It aims to promote peace, security, and stability through conflict prevention, dispute resolution, and solidarity.

Dokra Art

• Dokra Artwork Presented to French President: Prime Minister Modi gifted French President Macron

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  a Dokra artwork, showcasing Indian tribal artistry. This act highlights India’s cultural heritage on the international stage and strengthens diplomatic ties.

• Description of the Dokra Piece: The artwork depicts musicians in dynamic poses and is adorned with studded stonework. This signifies the importance of music in tribal life.

• Dokra’s Origins and Technique: Dokra is an ancient metal-casting tradition originating from Chhattisgarh. It uses the lost-wax technique to create intricate brass and copper sculptures.

• Material and Artistry: Dokra artifacts are crafted from brass and each piece is handcrafted, which makes each Dokra sculpture unique and not the same as the other.

• Cultural Significance: The gift underscores India’s commitment to celebrate its artistic legacy on the global stage.

• Threat to Dokra Artisans: Rapid urbanization and mechanized production pose a threat to the livelihoods of traditional Dokra artisans, endangering the ancient craft.

MITRA Platform

• MITRA Platform Launch: SEBI introduced the “Mutual Fund Investment Tracing and Retrieval Assistant” (MITRA), a new digital platform.
• Purpose: To help investors track and reclaim inactive or unclaimed mutual fund folios.
• Key Objectives: Encourage investors to find forgotten investments, update KYC, and reduce non-KYC compliant folios.
• Problem Addressed: Investors often lose track of their MF investments due to outdated contact info or unawareness. Inactive folios can be susceptible to fraud.
• Functionality: MITRA provides a searchable database of inactive and unclaimed folios across the industry, allowing investors to identify overlooked investments or any investments made by any other person for which he/she may be rightful legal claimant.
• Developed by RTAs: The platform is developed by Registrar and Transfer Agents (RTAs).
• Inactive Folio Definition: A folio is considered inactive if there are no investor-initiated transactions (financial or non-financial) for ten years, despite a unit balance.
• UHPC Role: The Unit Holder Protection Committee (UHPC) will now review inactive folios, unclaimed dividends, and redemptions to reduce such cases.
• Stakeholder Awareness: SEBI directs all stakeholders to promote investor awareness of this initiative.

P-8I News

• India Eyes More P-8I Aircraft: India is considering reviving a proposal to acquire six additional P-8I long-range maritime patrol aircraft from the U.S. Discussions are expected during talks between Prime Minister Modi and the U.S. President.

• Strategic Importance: The P-8I is crucial for long-range surveillance in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), especially with the growing Chinese naval presence.

• Existing Fleet: The Indian Navy currently operates 12 P-8I aircraft acquired in two previous deals.

• Procurement History: A deal for six more P-8Is was approved in principle back in 2019 and U.S. State Department approved the possible sale of six additional P-8I aircraft and related equipment, a deal then estimated to cost $2.42 billion in 2021.

• Capabilities: The P-8I excels in anti-submarine warfare (ASW),

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  anti-surface warfare (AsuW), intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions. It features advanced sensors and weapons systems.

• Complementary Assets: The acquisition of MQ-9B Sea Guardian UAVs and MH-60R multi-role helicopters will complement the P-8I’s capabilities, reducing strain on manned platforms and enhancing anti-submarine warfare capabilities. The Navy will begin receiving the MQ-9B from January 2029 onwards.

Rig Creation

• Launch: India’s first indigenous Automated Bio Medical Waste Treatment Plant, named “Sṛjanam,” was launched at AIIMS New Delhi by the Union Minister.

• Innovation: “Sṛjanam” is an automated biomedical waste treatment rig developed by CSIR-NIIST.

• Functionality: It disinfects pathogenic biomedical waste (blood, urine, etc.) without using incinerators.

• Environmental Benefit: Offers an environmentally friendly alternative to incineration.

• Efficiency: Has a daily capacity of 400 kg, initially handling 10 kg/day.

• Safety: It provides a safer and more efficient approach by reducing risks of human exposure and accidents.

• Validation: Third-party validated for antimicrobial action; treated material is safer than organic fertilizers.

• Significance: A significant advancement in the sustainable management of biomedical waste.

• Government Vision: Aligns with the government’s “Waste to Wealth” and “Viksit Bharat” initiatives.

• Context: Addresses the challenge of 743 tonnes of daily biomedical waste generation in India.

• Features: Imparts a pleasant fragrance to the treated waste.

Mpox

• What Mpox Is: Mpox is a zoonotic viral illness, caused by the monkeypox virus. It causes skin rash/lesions, fever, headache, muscle aches, and swollen lymph nodes.
• Transmission: Spread through close contact with infected animals or people, touching contaminated materials, or sexual contact. It can also be passed from mother to fetus.
• Global Concern: The WHO declared mpox a global health emergency in 2022. Outbreaks have been driven by the clade 2b strain, and recently, a more potent variant, clade 1b, has also been reported.
• STD Debate: There’s a scientific debate on whether mpox should be classified as a sexually transmitted disease (STD).
• Arguments for STD Label: During the 2022 outbreak, sexual transmission was common, mainly among men who have sex with men. Labeling it an STD could focus public health interventions (vaccinations, testing), and awareness.
• Arguments Against STD Label: Some argue most historical outbreaks in Africa had little sexual transmission, and classifying it as STD could lead to less attention towards vulnerable groups, and increase stigma.
• Stigma Concerns: Public health experts in Kerala, India, caution that labeling mpox an STD could backfire due to the stigma associated with it, potentially hindering containment efforts.
• Severity: Mpox symptoms are generally mild, often resolving on their own. Current mortality rate is low.

Fulani People

• Ancient Origins: The Fulani, a large pastoral group in Africa, have roots dating back to the ‘Green Sahara’ period (12,000–5,000 years ago), indicating a long history tied to African pastoralism.

• Geographic Distribution: Primarily located in the Sahel/Savannah belt across West Africa, with significant populations in Nigeria, Mali, Guinea, Senegal, and Niger.

• Complex Genetic History: A recent study highlights a complex genetic history shaped by migrations and interactions with North and West African groups, including ancient connections to modern Moroccan populations like the Berber.

• Diverse Lifestyles: Fulani communities include nomadic herders (Makiyaya), those living in towns (Fulanin Soro), and those in forests (Bararo), demonstrating a range of lifestyles.

• Cultural Significance: Known for a rich culture that values family, community, strong kinship ties, gender roles, elaborate rituals, and traditions intertwined with Islam and a connection to the land.

• Artistic Traditions: Fulani women are recognized for their skills in weaving, craftsmanship, and elaborate hairstyles adorned with decorative elements. Fulani are well known for the delicate decoration of utilitarian objects such as milk bowls that reflect their nomadic and pastoral lifestyle.

• Social Structure: Fulani society is an egalitarian, in marked contrast to that of other Muslim groups, such as the Hausa.

• Caste System: Fulani society features a caste system with four categories which include traders, nobility, blacksmiths and successors of slaves of rich Fulani people.

• Alternative Names: They are also known as Peuhl and Fula.

Hindon

• Severe Pollution: The Hindon River is heavily polluted, with recent large-scale contamination due to the deposition of huge sludge, silt, and leftover puja material near the GT Road stretch in Ghaziabad. This exacerbates the existing pollution problem.
• Declared a ‘Dead River’: In 2015, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) declared the Hindon a ‘dead river’ and unfit for bathing in several sections due to its extreme pollution levels.
• Source and Course: Originating in the Siwalik Hills of Uttar Pradesh, the Hindon flows for 400 km through the industrial belt of Western Uttar Pradesh before joining the Yamuna River in Noida.
• Tributaries: The Kali (West) River and Krishni River are its main tributaries.
• Historical Significance: Archaeological findings along the Hindon River reveal traces of the Harappan civilization, dating back to 2500 BC.
• Cities along the River: The Hindon flows through cities like Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, Baghpat, Ghaziabad, and Noida.
• Causes of Pollution: The river’s pollution stems from urban, agricultural, and industrial waste being released into its waters without adequate treatment.
• Catchment Area: The Hindon has a catchment area of approximately 7,083 sq. km.

Einstein Ring

• Discovery: The ESA’s Euclid space telescope found a rare Einstein ring around a galaxy nearly 590 million light-years away.
• Definition: An Einstein ring is a ring of light formed by gravitational lensing, where a massive object (galaxy or cluster of galaxies) bends and amplifies the light from a more distant galaxy.
• Gravitational Lensing: This phenomenon occurs when light from a distant source is distorted by the gravity of a massive object (gravitational lens) between the source and the observer.
• How it works: The foreground galaxy (NGC 6505 in this case) acts as a gravitational lens, bending and magnifying light from a distant galaxy located 4.42 billion light-years away.
• Significance: Einstein rings help scientists investigate dark matter (believed to make up 85% of the universe’s matter) and study distant galaxies that might otherwise be invisible.
• Rarity: Less than 1% of galaxies exhibit Einstein rings, making them a valuable find.
• Visibility: Einstein rings are not visible to the naked eye and require space telescopes like Euclid for observation.
• Historical Context: Predicted by Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity; the first one was discovered in 1987.
• Benefits of Study: Provides insights into dark matter’s gravitational effects and information about the universe’s expansion.

Brahmagiri’s Wild Heart

• Controversy over Tribal Village: The Karnataka government’s plan to build a tribal village in the Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary’s buffer zone is raising concerns about tribal safety and potential human-wildlife conflict. This is newsworthy because it highlights a potential conflict between development and conservation.

• Location and Geography: Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in the Western Ghats in the Kodagu district of Karnataka. It covers 181 sq. km and is characterized by undulating terrain, steep valleys, and hillocks. This context is important for understanding the ecological sensitivity of the area.

• Name Origin: The sanctuary is named after the Brahmagiri peak, its highest point at 1607m.

• River Source: The Lakshmana Tirtha River, a Cauvery tributary, originates within the sanctuary. This underscores the sanctuary’s role in water resource management.

• Flora: The sanctuary features diverse vegetation: evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, shoal forest patches in grasslands, and bamboo. It’s surrounded by coffee and cardamom plantations. This emphasizes its rich biodiversity.

• Fauna: It is home to endangered Lion Tailed Macaque, Tiger, Elephant, Bonnet Macaque, Common Langur, Barking Deer, Mouse Deer, Malabar Giant Squirrel, Giant Flying Squirrel, and Indian Gaur. The presence of the lion-tailed macaque, a rare and endangered species, makes the sanctuary a crucial conservation area.

Bailey Bridge

• A Bailey bridge in north Sikkim collapsed recently, highlighting potential structural concerns.

• What is a Bailey Bridge? It’s a portable, prefabricated truss bridge widely used since WWII.

• Designed by: Sir Donald Bailey (UK, 1941).

• Key Features:

  • Standardized, simple panels for easy assembly.
  • Can be strengthened by adding truss girders.
  • Adaptable for longer spans using pontoons.
  • Assembly covers a small area without large hoisting equipment.

• Limitations:

  • Limited structure and bearing capacity.
  • Standard length usually doesn’t exceed 60 meters.

• Typical Uses: Spanning rivers, valleys, and shorter spans.

• Why the name? Named after its inventor, Donald Coleman Bailey.

• Principle: Modular, pre-fabricated, truss-based construction for quick assembly.

• Disadvantages: Limited lifespan, weight restrictions, corrosion susceptibility, manual assembly challenges, shorter span length, not for permanent infrastructure.

Crocodile Catfish

• Discovery in Guwahati, India: The Crocodile Catfish (Asian giant river catfish/Bagarius suchus) was recently found in the Bahini River, Guwahati, raising ecological concerns.

• Species Description: A large freshwater catfish native to South and Southeast Asia (India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand), belonging to the Sisoridae family.

• Appearance: Characterized by a long, cylindrical body, broad head, wide mouth, and dark brown/black coloration with possible irregular markings. Notably elongated dorsal fin.

• Size and Lifespan: Reaches lengths of 1.5 meters or more and can weigh over 50 kilograms. Lifespan is estimated to be 15-25 years in the wild.

• Habitat: Typically found in large rivers and deep pools with slow to moderate currents, often with rocky/gravelly substrates.

• Diet: Carnivorous predator with a voracious appetite, primarily feeding on fish and other aquatic organisms.

• Conservation Status: Listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List.

• Ecological Concerns: The presence of this species in a new location (Guwahati) could lead to ecological disruptions due to its predatory nature.

• IUCN: The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is a global body focused on nature conservation and sustainability.

UK-India Young Professionals

• Ballot Opening Soon: The ballot for the UK-India Young Professionals Scheme (YPS) is opening next week.
• Scheme Overview: Allows Indian citizens aged 18-30 to live and work in the UK for up to 2 years.
• Reciprocal Arrangement: It is a reciprocal scheme that allows UK and Indian nationals aged 18-30 to live, study, travel and work in the other country for upto two years.
• Migration and Mobility Agreement: Conceived under the India-UK Migration and Mobility MoU signed in May 2021.
• Formal Launch: Officially launched in February 2023.
• Visa Features: Valid visa allows entry and exit at any time during the stay.
• Eligibility:
  • Indian national aged 18-30.
  • Bachelor’s degree or above.
  • £2,530 in savings.
  • No dependent children.
  • Selection in the YPS ballot is mandatory.
  • Cannot have previously participated in YPS or Youth Mobility Scheme.
  • Visa holders must enter the UK within six months of visa issuance.
• Activities Permitted in UK: Study (with ATAS certificate for sensitive subjects), self-employment (subject to restrictions).
• YPS vs. Other Visas: Unlike Skilled Worker or Health and Care Worker visas, YPS doesn’t require pre-approved employer or salary conditions, but savings are needed. YPS is non-extendable.
• Starmer’s Policy: The UK government has launched mass raids on undocumented immigrants including Indian restaurants, nail bars, convenience stores, and car washes which employ immigrants.

Market Intervention

• Revised MIS Guidelines: The central government has updated the Market Intervention Scheme (MIS) guidelines.
• State/UT Request: Implemented only when requested by State/UT governments.
• Target Commodities: Addresses perishable agricultural/horticultural commodities (tomato, onion, potato etc.) lacking Minimum Support Price (MSP).
• Price Reduction Trigger: Activated when market price drops by a minimum of 10% compared to the previous normal year.
• Increased Procurement Limit: Procurement limit increased from 20% to 25% of production quantity.
• Direct Payment Option: States can directly deposit the difference between Market Intervention Price (MIP) and selling price into farmers’ bank accounts, instead of physical procurement.
• Reimbursement of Costs: Operational costs (storage, transportation from producing to consuming states) are reimbursed by Central Nodal Agencies (CNAs) like NAFED and NCCF.
• Market Intervention Definition: Addresses market failures and enhances market access for smallholder producers, aiming to improve income and food security.
• NAFED’s Role: NAFED (National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India Ltd) is a major agricultural produce marketing cooperative and procurement agency in India.

Fishery Survey India

• Untapped Fishing Grounds Discovered: Fishery Survey of India (FSI) expedition reveals productive, potentially untouched fishing grounds in the Arabian Sea. Why: Highlights potential for expanding India’s fishing industry and food security.

• FSI’s Role: FSI is the nodal fishery institute in India under the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying. Why: Emphasizes FSI’s central position in the Indian fisheries sector.

• Primary Function: FSI surveys and assesses fishery resources in India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and surrounding areas. Why: Outlines FSI’s core responsibility for sustainable development of fisheries.

• Headquarters: Mumbai, Maharashtra.

• Historical Context: Established in 1946 as Deep Sea Fishing Station, later upgraded to a survey institute in 1974, and then a national institute in 1983. Why: Shows FSI’s evolution and increasing importance over time.

• Science & Technology Recognition: Recognized as a Science & Technology Institute in 1988. Why: Underscores FSI’s scientific expertise and research capabilities.

• K H Alikunhi: Considered the father of modern fisheries in India.

• Leading Fish Producer: Andhra Pradesh is the largest fish producer in the country, followed by West Bengal and Gujarat.

Devolution Index

• Release of Devolution Index Report: The Ministry of Panchayati Raj will release the “Devolution Index Report” on February 13, 2025, in New Delhi. Union Minister of State Prof. S.P. Singh Baghel will release the report.

• Purpose of the Index: The index evaluates the progress of decentralization across States and Union Territories and ranks them based on rural local bodies’ autonomy.

• Six Key Dimensions: The Index assesses Framework, Functions, Finances, Functionaries, Capacity Building, and Accountability of Panchayats.

• Focus on Panchayat Autonomy: It examines the degree to which Panchayats can make and implement independent decisions, aligning with Article 243G of the Constitution which enables State legislatures to devolve powers and responsibilities to Panchayats across 29 subjects.

• Strengthening Cooperative Federalism: The Index is a tool for States to identify areas for improvement and adopt best practices for empowered Panchayats.

• Benefits for Stakeholders: It provides transparency for citizens, data-driven insights for representatives, and a roadmap for government officials and policymakers.

• Alignment with Viksit Bharat: The initiative supports the vision of Panchayats as the foundation for rural transformation and sustainable development.

• Report Title: “Status of Devolution to Panchayats in States – An Indicative Evidence Based Ranking 2024”.

• eGramSwaraj Portal: The eGramSwaraj aims to bring in better transparency and strengthen the e-Governance in Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) across the country through decentralized Profiling, Planning, Physical Progress, Reporting and Work-Based Accounting.

Vancomycin

• Potential New Use for IBD: A study indicates vancomycin, typically used for diarrhea, shows promise in treating a specific type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) linked to autoimmune liver disease (primary sclerosing cholangitis – PSC).

• Study Results: 80% of IBD patients achieved clinical remission with reduced inflammation after four weeks of oral vancomycin treatment. 100% showed mucosal healing.

• Further Research Planned: Researchers are preparing for randomized controlled trials to further investigate vancomycin’s effectiveness in treating PSC-IBD.

• Existing Uses: Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used for severe bacterial infections like MRSA, bloodstream infections, skin/soft tissue infections, endocarditis, bone/joint infections, and C. difficile-associated diarrhea.

• Mechanism of Action: Vancomycin disrupts bacterial cell wall

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  synthesis, weakening the cell and leading to its death.

• Side Effects: Serious side effects can include hearing and kidney damage, more likely in elderly patients.

• Not for Viral Infections: Vancomycin is ineffective against colds, flu, or other viral infections.

• Specific Target: The study focused on IBD developing in the context of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).

SAFTA Agreement

• SAFTA Overview: The South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) is a free trade agreement within the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), effective since 2006.
• SEA Concerns: The Solvent Extractors’ Association of India (SEA) has requested government intervention to regulate edible oil imports from Nepal and other SAARC nations, citing misuse of SAFTA norms.
• Import Surge: There’s been a significant increase in refined soybean and palm oil imports from Nepal to India, allegedly violating Rules of Origin.
• Impact on India: This influx negatively affects domestic refiners, farmers, and government revenue.
• Duty Advantage: Nepal imports crude edible oils at nil duty and exports refined oils to India at discounted rates under SAFTA, creating a duty advantage.
• SEA Recommendations: The SEA urges the government to suspend duty-free edible oil imports under SAFTA, renegotiate the agreement for agro-commodities, and monitor imports closely.
• Rules of Origin Violation: The SEA claims imported oils do not meet Rules of Origin requirements and should be restricted from duty-free import.
• Dumping Concerns: The SEA emphasizes that SAFTA members should not become dumping grounds for third countries
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  avoiding duties.
• Suggested Measures: The SEA suggests provisional safeguard measures like suspending duty-free imports, imposing a minimum import price (MIP), channelizing imports through PSUs like NAFED, and fixing quotas for refined oil imports from Nepal.

Asia Fish Forum

• The 14th Asian Fisheries and Aquaculture Forum (14AFAF) will be held in New Delhi from February 12-14, 2025.

• The theme of the forum is “Greening the Blue Growth in Asia-Pacific”.

• India is hosting the event for the second time, highlighting its growing importance in global fisheries and aquaculture. The first time was in 2007 (8AFAF in Kochi).

• The forum is organized by the Asian Fisheries Society (AFS), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), the Department of Fisheries (DoF), and the Asian Fisheries Society Indian Branch (AFSIB).

• Around 1,000 delegates from 24 countries are expected to attend.

• The forum aims to showcase India’s contributions, strengthen international partnerships, and promote sustainable aquaculture practices.

• India holds the 2nd position globally in total fish production and aquaculture production.

• Shri Rajiv Ranjan Singh, Minister of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying and Panchayati Raj, Govt. of India will inaugurate the forum.

• The event includes Lead Presentations by experts from India and overseas.

• A Symposium on “Aquatic Animal Diseases: Emerging Challenges and Preparedness” is scheduled on the second day, inaugurated by Shri George Kurian, Minister of State for Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying, and Minority Affairs.

• An Academia-Industry-Government Meet on ‘De-risking Shrimp Aquaculture Value Chain for Improved Global Competitiveness’ is scheduled on the third day, inaugurated by Dr B. Mastan Rao, Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha).

• Shri Bhagirath Choudhary, Minister of State for Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Govt. of India will be the Chief Guest at the closing ceremony.

ADC

Here’s a breakdown of the key points:

• Autonomous District Council (ADC) Elections: Khasi Hills and Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Councils elections are scheduled for February 21.

• Sixth Schedule & ADCs: The Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution provides for ADCs in tribal areas of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram, granting them a degree of self-governance.

• ADC Composition & Tenure: Each ADC has up to 30 members (26 elected, 4 nominated) serving a five-year term.

• ADC Powers: ADCs can make laws on land, forests (excluding reserved forests), traditional leadership, inheritance, marriage, village courts. They also manage primary services (schools, markets) and regulate money lending/trading by non-tribals (with Governor’s assent).

• ADC Taxation: ADCs can levy certain taxes like profession taxes, animal/vehicle taxes, market entry taxes, and taxes for maintaining services.

• Article 371 Debate: A regional party in Meghalaya suggests Article 371 could allow resumption of rat-hole coal mining, banned since 2014. Nagaland’s Article 371A protects land/resources and customary law.

• Article 371 vs. Sixth Schedule: The possibility of Article 371 coexisting with the Sixth Schedule is debated. Some argue they are incompatible.

• Rat-hole Mining Issues: Rat-hole mining is allegedly rampant in Nagaland despite the ban.

• Women’s Representation: Despite matrilineal societies, few women are contesting ADC elections, though female voters outnumber males.

• Escrow Agreements: Agreements signed to start scientific coal mining operations.

PM-AJAY

• Scheme Overview: Pradhan Mantri Anusuchit Jaati Abhyuday Yojana (PM-AJAY) aims to reduce poverty and improve socio-economic indicators for Scheduled Caste (SC) communities in SC-dominated villages.

• Meeting on Progress: Union Minister Virendra Kumar chaired a meeting to review PM-AJAY’s progress and discuss strategies for effective implementation and socio-economic upliftment of SC communities.

• Key Objectives: Holistic development of SC-populated villages and individual beneficiaries, addressing socio-economic disparities, and promoting inclusive growth.

• Scheme Components:

  • Development of SC-dominated villages into Adarsh Grams.
  • Grants-in-aid for District/State-level Projects for socio-economic betterment of SCs.
  • Construction of Hostels in Higher Educational Institutions.

• Stakeholder Involvement: The meeting included state ministers, senior officers, the Chairperson of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes, and representatives from Union Ministries (Finance, Agriculture, Rural Development, Women and Child Development), along with NITI Aayog members.

• Focus Areas: Strengthening collaboration among stakeholders, increasing community participation, and improving project monitoring mechanisms.

• Eligibility: SC persons living below the poverty line are eligible for benefits. Villages with 50% or more SC population are eligible for infrastructure development grants.

• Implementation: Implemented since 2021-22, merging Adarsh Gram Yojana, Special Central Assistance to Scheduled Castes Sub Plan, and Babu Jagjivan Ram Chhatrawas Yojana.

Cyclone 2025 Exercise

• Joint Military Exercise: India and Egypt will conduct Exercise Cyclone 2025, a joint army exercise.
• Third Edition: This is the third edition of the exercise, following 2023 (India) and 2024 (Egypt).
• Dates: The exercise will take place from February 10 to 23 in Rajasthan.
• Focus: Improving coordination between the armies, including real-world scenarios, tactical drills, counter-terrorism, high-intensity combat, and survival techniques. Special forces will participate.
• Location: Training will be in desert conditions.
• Motto: “Together we train, together we excel.”
• Significance: The exercise will strengthen defence cooperation and enhance readiness for security challenges. Military cooperation has grown between
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  both nations.
• Cooperation: The exercise allows forces to practice combined operations in simulated combat situations.

PAH: Pulmonary Hypertension

Here are the key points regarding Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH):

• Generic Drug Approval: Natco Pharma received FDA approval for Bosentan tablets (32mg oral suspension), a generic version of Tracleer, used to treat PAH.
• Exclusivity: Natco Pharma believes it has first-to-file status for the product and is eligible for 180-day exclusivity upon launch. Lupin Pharmaceuticals will market the drug in the U.S.
• Market Size: Bosentan TFOS (32mg) had approximately $11 million in U.S. sales for the 12 months ending September 2024.
• PAH Definition: PAH is a specific type of pulmonary hypertension where lung arteries thicken and narrow.
• Mechanism: This narrowing restricts blood flow, increases lung pressure, and forces the heart to work harder.
• Causes: The exact cause of PAH is often unknown (idiopathic), but injury to lung blood vessel cells is believed to play a role.
• Associations: PAH can be linked to congenital heart disease, liver disease, HIV, connective tissue diseases (like scleroderma and lupus), and drug use (methamphetamine, diet pills).
• Symptoms: Symptoms include blue fingers/lips, chest pain, dizziness/fainting, fatigue, and worsening shortness of breath.
• Treatment: While treatments exist, there is currently no cure for PAH.
• Indication: The drug is indicated for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in those aged 3 years and above with idiopathic or congenital PAH to improve pulmonary vascular resistance, which is expected to result in an improvement in exercise ability.

Inca Knots

• Newly Discovered Superstructure: Astronomers have identified a massive structure called Quipu, a superstructure of grouped galaxies, clusters, and superclusters. Why: Significant as it represents one of the largest known structures in the universe.

• Immense Size: Quipu extends 1.3 billion light-years across and contains approximately 200 quadrillion solar masses. Why: Illustrates the sheer scale of the observable universe and the organization of matter within it.

• Composition: It contains nearly 70 galactic superclusters. Why: Demonstrates the hierarchical structure of the universe.

• Filament Structure: Its structure is reminiscent of the Incan Quipu counting system, featuring a long central filament and branching filaments. Why: Highlights the unique morphology of this cosmic structure.

• Transient Nature: Quipu is not permanent and is expected to break into smaller units over time. Why: Suggests the dynamic nature of large-scale structures and their evolution.

• Impact on Cosmology: Studying Quipu could refine cosmological models and provide insights into galaxy evolution and cosmic dynamics. Why: Important for advancing our understanding of the universe’s formation and evolution.

• Size Comparison: Over 13,000 times the length of the Milky Way and thousands of times more massive than a single galaxy. Why: Helps to conceptualize its enormous scale relative to familiar celestial objects.

• Galaxies Definition: A galaxy is a vast system of stars, gas, dust, dark matter, and other celestial objects bound together by gravity. Why: Provides context to what Quipu consists of.

• Light-year Definition: The distance light travels in one Earth year, approximately 6 trillion miles (9 trillion km). Why: Provides context to understand Quipu’s enormous length.

• Solar Mass Definition: A unit of mass used in astronomy, equal to the mass of the Sun (approximately 2 × 10³⁰ kilograms). Why: Provides context to understand Quipu’s total mass.

Lumpy Skin Disease

• Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is an infectious viral disease of cattle and water buffalo caused by the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV).
• LSDV belongs to the capripoxvirus genus, part of the poxviridae family.
• LSD is not zoonotic; humans cannot get infected.
• LSD originated in Africa and has spread to the Middle East, Asia, and Eastern Europe.
• LSD is highly host-specific, primarily affecting cattle and, to a lesser extent, buffalo. Morbidity rate is higher in cattle.
• The disease reduces milk production, can cause temporary or permanent sterility in bulls, damages hides, and can lead to death.
• Transmission occurs via blood-feeding insects (flies, mosquitoes, ticks) or contaminated fodder and water. Infected animals shed the virus through secretions.
• Symptoms include high fever, enlarged lymph nodes, and skin nodules.
• There is no treatment; prevention via vaccination is key. Infected animals receive supportive care (antibiotics, painkillers, wound care).
• Biovet’s Biolumpivaxin, an LSD vaccine, has received CDSCO license.

R-37M

• Offer to India: Russia has reportedly offered the R-37M missile to India.
• What it is: The R-37M (NATO: AA-13 Axehead) is a Russian-developed long-range air-to-air missile.
• Purpose: Designed to eliminate enemy fighter jets and drones beyond visual range (BVR). Specifically targets high-value assets like AWACS and tanker aircraft.
• Keeps Launching Aircraft Safe: Allows the launching aircraft to stay outside the range of enemy fighters.
• Specifications: Weighs about 510 kg, over 4 meters long, with a 60 kg warhead.
• Guidance System: Uses inertial navigation with mid-course updates, active radar homing, and semi-active radar guidance in the final phase.
• Range: Features a jettisonable rocket booster for a range of 300-400 km, making it one of the longest-reaching air-to-air missiles.
• Speed: Reaches hypersonic speeds, up to Mach 6, important for intercepting fast targets.

Why in the news: The potential acquisition by India signifies a significant upgrade to its air defense capabilities, making news due to the missile’s advanced technology and long-range capabilities.

Assisted Dying

• Supreme Court to Hear Plea: The Supreme Court will hear a plea seeking passive euthanasia for rabies patients, challenging a 2019 Delhi High Court ruling.
• Euthanasia Defined: Euthanasia, from the Greek “eu thanatos” (easy death), means hastening death to prevent suffering.
• Types of Euthanasia:
  • Active Euthanasia: Taking active steps to end a life (e.g., administering a lethal medication). It is also called as aggressive euthanasia. Illegal in India.
  • Passive Euthanasia: Withholding or withdrawing life support (e.g., ventilator) from a terminally ill patient.
• Legal Precedent
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  (India): In the Common Cause vs. Union of India (2018) case, the Supreme Court recognized the right to die as part of the right to life. Passive euthanasia and “living wills” were legalized for terminally ill patients with no hope of recovery.
• Active Euthanasia Illegal: Active euthanasia remains illegal and a crime in India.
• First Country to Legalize: The Netherlands was the first country to legalize euthanasia.
• Voluntary Euthanasia: A competent person consents to end their own life with the assistance of a doctor.

Burmese Pythons

Here’s a summary of the news regarding Burmese Pythons:

• Invasive Species in Florida: Burmese pythons ( Python bivittatus ) are an established invasive species in Florida, impacting native biodiversity.
• Optimized Removal Strategies: University of Florida scientists analyzed data from python contractors to improve removal efficiency.
• Peak Removal Time: The most effective survey period is during Florida’s wet season (May to October) between 8 pm and 2 am.
• Aquatic Vehicle Advantage: Using motorboats, canoes, kayaks, and airboats significantly enhances survey effectiveness.
• Nighttime Surveys are better: Night surveys are more effective than daytime ones.
• Cold weather is an exception: Except when mean daily air temperatures drop to 50 degrees Fahrenheit or below.
• Ecological Impact: Pythons disrupt food webs, reduce native species populations, and alter predator-prey relationships.
• Conservation Effort: Managing pythons is a critical effort to restore the Everglades ecosystem and protect it for future generations.
• Research Publication: The study, “Optimizing survey conditions for Burmese python detection and removal using community science data,” was published in Scientific Reports in January 2025.
• Background Information: They can reach 20 feet in length and weigh over 250 pounds. Native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, they inhabit grasslands, marshes, forests, and jungles. Released pets from the pet trade led to the invasive population in Florida.

Yashas: A Profile

• HAL’s HJT-36 Rebranded ‘Yashas’: Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) renamed its flagship HJT-36 jet training aircraft to ‘Yashas’ after significant upgrades.

• Enhanced Performance: The upgrades focused on improving departure characteristics and spin resistance across the aircraft’s operational envelope. Spin resistance is an aircraft’s ability to prevent entering an aerodynamic spin, even if it is stalled.

• Stage II Pilot Training: ‘Yashas’ is designed for Stage II pilot training, equipped for specialized operations including counter-insurgency, counter-surface force ops, and armament training.

• Advanced Features: The aircraft features state-of-the-art avionics, a modern cockpit, weight reduction, and Indian-made Line Replaceable Units (LRUs), replacing imported equipment.

• Capabilities: ‘Yashas’ can perform aerobatics (precise, controlled flying maneuvers beyond normal limits) and carry up to 1,000 kg of payload.

• Engine & Design: Powered by a FADEC-controlled AL55I jet engine for optimized thrust management and reliability; features a stepped-up rear cockpit with a drooped nose for enhanced visibility.

• Self-Reliance: Using Indian-made LRUs promotes a more self-reliant and sustainable system.

• HAL’s Perspective: HAL CMD D.K. Sunil stated the changes warranted a new name, reflecting its relevance for modern military aviation training.

• HAL Overview: HAL is an Indian state-owned aerospace and defense company.

Jagannath’s Shrine

• Cricketers visit Jagannath Temple: Washington Sundar, Varun Chakaravarthy, and Axar Patel visited the Shree Jagannath Temple in Puri before the India vs England ODI.
• Temple Significance: Dedicated to Lord Jagannath, a form of Vishnu, the temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the four Chaar Dhaams.
• Historical Context: Built in the 12th century by King Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva, the temple’s completion and deity installation occurred in 1230 AD.
• Architectural Style: A striking example of Kalinga architecture, the temple’s main structure features a raised platform, no shadow on the ground, and a 20-foot chakra (wheel) at its pinnacle.
• Religious Significance: The temple complex includes shrines, gardens, and sacred tanks, creating a serene atmosphere for devotion, housing deities like Lord Balabhadra, Devi Subhadra.
• Security Measures: Extensive security measures were in place for the cricketers’ visit and transport.
• Traffic Advisory: Traffic advisories were issued due to the team’s practice session at Barabati Stadium.
• Nabakalebara: The 12-year ritual, Nabakalebara, is a significant religious event in the temple’s calendar.
• White Pagoda: The temple is known as the White Pagoda due to its distinctive white color and architectural style.

Satkosia Tigers

• Satkosia Tiger Reserve in Odisha will undertake the first captive breeding program for sambar deer.
• The goal is to increase sambar populations for release into other areas with low prey densities, boosting the tiger and leopard food source.
• Six sambar pairs will be housed in an enclosure at Tulka. Males will come from captivity; females likely from the Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary.
• The reserve’s prey density has increased from 23 to 39 animals per sq km.
• A detailed project report for the conservation breeding program is sent to the chief wildlife warden.
• The program is seen as a prerequisite to resume tiger translocation, after a previous attempt failed.
• The reserve has the space and plans to expand its translocation area.
• The Mahanadi River flows through the reserve, located in Angul, Cuttack, Boudh, and Nayagarh districts.
• The reserve is at the confluence of the Deccan Peninsula and Eastern Ghats biogeographic regions, known for biodiversity.
• The reserve encompasses Baisipalli and Satkosia Gorge Sanctuaries.
• The area has a low population of tigers, leopards, elephants, spotted deer, sambar, and other wildlife.
• Freshwater crocodile and gharial are also found there.

Algo Trading

• SEBI mandates stock exchanges to empanel algorithmic trading providers and defines rules for APIs.
• Algorithmic trading uses pre-defined rules for automated order execution, faster than human traders.
• Algo trading is prevalent among both institutional and retail investors in India.
• SEBI created a regulatory framework for stakeholders (investors, brokers, algo providers, MIIs) to safeguard retail investors.
• Retail investors will access approved algos through registered brokers only.
• Stock brokers need exchange permission for each algo.
• Algo orders get unique identifiers for audit trails.
• Brokers are responsible for investor grievances and API monitoring.
• Algorithmic trading logic categorized into white box (disclosed, replicable) and black box (undisclosed).
• SEBI aims to facilitate safer participation of retail investors in algo trading and improve liquidity.
• Algo providers must be empanelled with exchanges.
• Retail investor-developed algos must meet exchange criteria to be registered.
• Exchanges supervise algo trading, monitor orders, and have “kill switch” capability.
• Exchanges set turnaround times for algo registration (fast track vs normal).
• This new framework is applicable from August 1st.

Salamander

• Wandering salamanders use blood pressure in their toes for optimal arboreal locomotion.
• They rapidly fill, trap, and drain blood in their toe tips to control attachment and detachment.
• Fine control of blood flow to each toe tip allows for asymmetrical pressure adjustments, improving grip.
• Blood rushing in before “toe off” aids detachment, reducing surface area and energy expenditure.
• This unique mechanism in salamanders could inspire new adhesives, prosthetics, and robotic appendages.
• Salamanders are amphibians with slender bodies, long tails, and moist skin, varying in size from 2.5 cm to 5 feet.
• They live near water or moist ground, are found in various locations, and are mainly in North America, Europe, Asia, parts of South America, and North Africa.
• Salamanders can regenerate lost limbs, are nocturnal, cold-blooded, and some species are poisonous or have teeth.
• Salamanders control pests, are food for larger animals, and are vulnerable to drought and toxins due to their moist skin.
• They play an ecological role, regulating food webs and contributing to ecosystem stability.

Bombay Blood

• A 30-year-old with the rare Bombay blood group (hh) received a successful kidney transplant.
• The Bombay blood group lacks the H antigen, a crucial component for forming A and B antigens.
• This makes them incompatible with standard blood types (including O-negative), requiring a donor with the same rare blood group.
• The donor was the patient’s mother, who did not have the Bombay blood group.
• Doctors used a cross-blood matching technique (double filtration plasmapheresis – DFPP) previously used for ABO blood types.
• The procedure involved reducing the recipient’s anti-H antibodies to prevent organ rejection.
• This transplant is a first in this rare blood group.
• The patient is now doing well and recovering post transplant.
• The transplant showcases a new potential approach for those with Bombay blood type in need of organ transplantation.
• This procedure may open up possibilities for others with this rare blood type in the future.

Cook Islands

• The Cook Islands, a self-governing Pacific nation with a free association pact with New Zealand, is preparing to sign a cooperation deal with China.
• New Zealand’s Foreign Minister expressed “significant concern” over the deal, citing a lack of consultation.
• The Cook Islands Prime Minister will visit Beijing next week to finalize a “comprehensive strategic partnership” with China.
• The visit occurs during heightened geopolitical tension in the Pacific region as China seeks to increase its influence.
• New Zealand is worried the deal could pose a risk to its national interests and wants to verify this.
• The Cook Islands government maintains the agreement will prioritize sovereignty and national interests.
• The
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  Cook Islands consists of 15 islands, with a population primarily on Rarotonga.
• The nation is located in the South Pacific Ocean, between Tonga and French Polynesia.
• The Cook Islands has a free association agreement with New Zealand, who provide support on foreign affairs and defense.
• Rarotonga is home to the capital, Avarua.
• The islands are known for their beautiful beaches and hospitality.

Kashmir Carpets

• New Logo for Kashmir Hand-Knotted Carpets: The Geographical Indications Registry Chennai has granted a new logo to protect the exclusivity of Kashmir hand-knotted carpets (“Kal baffi”). This logo signifies the carpet’s unique geographical origin and quality.

• Historical Significance: Kashmir carpets have a history dating back to the 15th century, with weavers from Persia and Central Asia introduced to the region to train locals.

• Weaving Technique: The unique loom, with two horizontal wooden beams, is a defining feature. The specific knotting method (“Farsi baff” and “Sehna/Sinneh”) and tools used (combing, scissors) distinguish them.

• GI Registration: This new logo and the QR code-based GI tagging (February 2022) are crucial for authenticating the carpets. This helps prevent counterfeiting and informs buyers about the origin, weaver, and materials.

• Authenticity and Quality: The QR code provides instant verification of the carpet’s origin, manufacturer, artisan, knots per square inch, and materials.

• Export and Recognition: Kashmir carpets are exported to over 25 countries worldwide, and the GI tag helps maintain the region’s reputation for high-quality craftsmanship.

• Additional GI Registrations: Besides carpets, six other Kashmiri crafts (Papier-mâché, Pashmina, Kani, Sozni, Khatamband, Walnut Wood Carving) have received GI registration.

Graphene

• Graphene is a two-dimensional material, a single layer of carbon atoms in a honeycomb structure.
• It’s an allotrope of
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  carbon, like diamond and graphite.
• Graphene was isolated in 2004.
• It’s incredibly thin (one atom thick), strong (200x stronger than steel), flexible, and an excellent electrical and thermal conductor.
• Graphene is almost perfectly transparent, absorbing only 2% of light.
• It’s impermeable to gases like hydrogen and helium.
• Researchers recently discovered a new state of matter in graphene’s current dynamics.
• Graphene has diverse applications, including sensors, electronics, energy storage, and healthcare.
• Applications are also in energy, construction, health, and electronics sectors.
• Graphene is stronger than diamond.
• Graphene doesn’t pose a significant skin risk.
• Stacked graphene is graphite.

Nuclear Liability Act

• The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damages Act (CLNDA) 2010 is India’s legal framework for nuclear incidents. It’s based on international conventions (Vienna, Paris, Brussels).

• The CLNDA mandates strict liability on nuclear plant operators, holding them responsible for damages regardless of fault. Liability is capped at ₹1,500 crore.

• Beyond ₹1,500 crore, the Indian government is liable up to ₹2,100-₹2,300 crore (300 million SDRs).

• The act sets a 15-day incident reporting timeframe for the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board.

• A Nuclear Damage Claims Commission is established for compensation and dispute resolution.

• The CLNDA amendment aims to ease legal concerns for foreign nuclear power companies, potentially encouraging new projects in India.

• The CLNDA is similar to international conventions like the Vienna, Paris, and Brussels conventions.

NCST

• The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) has requested Telangana, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha to survey tribal people displaced from Chhattisgarh due to Maoist violence. This is to determine the exact number of displaced individuals and their living conditions.

• The NCST was established by the Constitution (89th Amendment) Act, 2003, replacing the combined Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Commission with separate Commissions.

• The NCST’s role includes monitoring safeguards for Scheduled Tribes (STs), investigating complaints related to their rights, advising on socio-economic development plans, and submitting annual reports to the President on welfare measures.

• The NCST Chairperson has Cabinet Minister rank, the Vice-Chairperson a Minister of State rank, and members Secretary to the Government of India rank.

• The term of office for all members (Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson, and members) is three years.

• The article does not provide the answers to questions Q1 and Q2.

Potash

• Punjab government plans potash mining in Fazilka and Sri Muktsar Sahib districts, following surveys revealing substantial reserves.
• Potash is a general term for water-soluble potassium compounds, primarily used as fertilizer.
• Over 90% of potash is used as fertilizer, a key component of NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium) for agriculture.
• Different potash forms exist, including Sulphate of Potash (SOP) (chloride-free, used on high-value crops) and Muriate of Potash (MOP) (with chloride, used on carbohydrate crops).
• Rajasthan holds the largest potash reserves in India (89%).
• India imports 50 lakh tonnes of potash annually.
• Potash reserves are also found in Punjab, potentially offering job creation and economic development.
• Farmers have concerns about land acquisition and need written assurances.
• The Punjab government assures that advanced mining techniques will minimize land impact and conduct environmental assessments.
• Mining is likely to proceed upon successful auctioning by the central government.

Cayman Islands

• The Cayman Islands, a British overseas territory, are located in the Caribbean Sea, southwest of the Cayman Islands.
• The islands consist of Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac, and Little Cayman.
• They are formed by the Cayman Ridge, an underwater mountain range.
• Known for coral reefs, crystal-clear waters, and white sand beaches.
• Grand Cayman is the largest and most populated island, with George Town as the capital.
• The islands cover a small area of 264 sq km.
• The official currency is the Cayman Islands Dollar (KYD).
• Ethnic groups include Afro-European (40%), African (20%), European (20%), and other (20%).
• Recently, a magnitude-7.6 earthquake struck southwest of the Cayman Islands.
• The islands are considered a tax-free jurisdiction with no direct taxes.

Bamboo Mission 2.0

• The National Bamboo Mission (NBM) was launched as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme in 2018-19.
• It aims to assist both government and private sectors in bamboo propagation, cultivation (non-forest land), treatment, market establishment, incubation centers, value-added product development, and tool/equipment development.
• Funding for states (excluding Northeast and hilly states) is 60:40 (Center-State). Northeast, hilly states get 90:10, Union Territories/BTSGs/National Agencies are 100% centrally funded.
• Major objectives include increasing quality planting materials, expanding cultivation areas, improving post-harvest management, market infrastructure, and reducing bamboo imports.
• Implementation is via state nodal departments nominated by respective state/UT governments.
• The mission is operational in Uttar Pradesh since 2019-20, with specific activities like nursery establishment, plantations, skill development, and bamboo product demonstrations in Shahjahanpur, Bareilly, Sitapur, Pilibhit, and Lakhimpur Kheri districts.
• The mission’s activities in various UP districts, notably include nursery development, plantations, and the establishment of Common Facility Centers (CFCs), bamboo bazaars, treatment and carbonization plants.
• The National Bamboo Mission is part of the National Forestry Action Programme (NFAP) with 100% central assistance.

Article 22

• Article 22(1) is mandatory, not a formality: Supreme Court rules informing an arrested person of arrest grounds is crucial for a legal arrest. Failure to do so makes the arrest illegal.

• Article 22 safeguards liberty: Provides protection against arrest and detention, acting as a check on police power.

• Protection for all, except enemy aliens: Safeguards apply to all, barring enemy aliens. They are not applicable to civil arrests.

• Grounds of arrest must be communicated: Grounds must be disclosed as soon as possible after arrest, preferably in writing, to the arrested person and those designated by them.

• Speedy judicial process: Arrested individuals must be brought before a magistrate within 24 hours, excluding travel time.

• Detention time limits: Detention beyond 24 hours requires magistrate permission. Preventive detention laws have a maximum 3-month limit unless justified by an advisory board.

• Court’s role in ensuring compliance: Magistrates must verify Article 22(1) compliance before remanding. Courts must uphold fundamental rights.

• Release upon violation: If Article 22(1) is violated, the court must order immediate release and may grant bail, despite statutory restrictions.

• Burden of proof: The investigating officer/agency must prove Article 22(1) compliance if challenged.

• Role of relatives/nominated persons: Communicating grounds of arrest to relatives/nominated persons allows them to assist in securing the person’s release.

Vishwamitri River

• A crocodile census was conducted on a 25km stretch of the Vishwamitri River in Vadodara, Gujarat, concluding February 6, 2025.
• GEER Foundation led the census, with teams including forest department members, Vadodara Municipal Corporation, student volunteers, NGOs, and wildlife enthusiasts.
• The river originates in the Pavagadh hills and flows 200 km into the Gulf of Khambhat, primarily fed by rain.
• It passes through a 25km urban stretch in Vadodara, with a significant mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) population despite pollution and urbanization.
• Data analysis is ongoing, with no release date for the final crocodile count yet.
• The census involved diurnal and nocturnal counts, utilizing the crocodiles’ eye shine for night-time spotting.
• The 25km stretch was divided into zones for efficient counting, with each team documenting sighted crocodiles, sizes, locations, and behaviors.
• The survey
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  also recorded other animals like freshwater turtles, monitor lizards, pythons, and porcupines.
• The Vishwamitri River flows through Vadodara and ends in Bharuch district.
• The Vishwamitri River is home to a large population of mugger crocodiles.

Dashavatar Plays

• Dashavatar theatre, a traditional Marathi folk theatre form with an 800-year history, is experiencing a resurgence in Maharashtra and North Goa.

• Performances are based on the ten incarnations of Vishnu, incorporating music, dance, pantomime, and improvisation.

• The theatrical season begins after the paddy harvest in October and runs until May. Men traditionally play all roles, including female characters, a practice that has led to social challenges for some performers.

• Performances are often contracted by village temple authorities for annual fairs (“jatra”).

• The art form faces challenges from modern entertainment and declining audience interest. Government initiatives aim to preserve and promote Dashavatar through festivals and financial support.

• A recent performance in Zarap village, Maharashtra, showcased the dedication and artistry of the performers, highlighting the unique blend of mythology, music, and gender-bending roles.

• The use of musical instruments like the harmonium, tabla, and zanj, contributes to the immersive experience. The plays incorporate all nine rasas (emotions).

• While some actors are concerned about the future of the art form, government initiatives and the enduring passion of performers offer hope for its continued existence.

NAAC

• NAAC halted physical college inspections to combat corruption, switching to online evaluations.
• This follows recent CBI arrests related to bribery at the Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation.
• Online assessments will be fully implemented for colleges, with a hybrid approach for universities (some on-site visits).
• The move is aimed at eliminating corruption and improving the assessment process’s transparency and accountability.
• The long-delayed basic accreditation model (binary system) is now scheduled for April-May 2025.
• This new model will introduce maturity-based graded levels (MBGL) to encourage institution improvements.
• Existing institutions have an option to retain their current grade until the new system is in place, while new applicants will choose the new system.
• NAAC is a voluntary accreditation body for higher education institutions.
• It assesses colleges, universities, and recognized institutions based on multiple criteria like curriculum, teaching, infrastructure, governance, and innovation.
• NAAC’s highest grade is A++.
• NAAC is funded by the UGC.

Klub-S

• India has agreed to acquire the Klub-S missile system from Russia to enhance its submarine fleet’s capabilities.
• The Klub-S, also known as Kalibr, is a Russian cruise missile developed by NPO Novator, inducted in 1994.
• It carries a 400-kilogram warhead.
• The missile can target surface ships, submarines, and ground targets up to 300 kilometers away.
• It includes a fire control system, vertical launcher unit, and ammunition.
• Known for performance in challenging combat zones, including heavy enemy fire and electronic warfare.
• It achieves supersonic speeds during the terminal phase, making interception difficult.
• Cruises at low altitudes (10-15 meters), reducing enemy response time.
• The Klub-S is part of the Kalibr family, sharing common components for modularity.

Bhil Culture

• Bhil families allege Vasantdada Sugar Institute (VSI) is trying to demolish their homes and displace them from land they’ve lived on for generations.
• Bhils are one of India’s oldest and most widely distributed tribes, primarily in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and parts of Tripura.
• They are predominantly agricultural, using both slash-and-burn and plow methods.
• Their language, Bhili, is an Indo-Aryan language.
• They practice ethnic religions influenced by Hinduism, worshipping deities like Khandoba and local spirits.
• A civil dispute is underway in court regarding the land. The police are following court directions.
• The NCST initiated a probe, issuing a notice to the Pune district collector and police.
• The Tehsildar’s report claims Bhils encroached on VSI land, disputing the false complaint about threats.
• VSI claims
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  it’s building a compound wall, not displacing anyone.
• Bhils have presented documents claiming their residence is on government land or forest land, protected under the Forest Rights Act.
• The Bhils argue they’ve lived there for generations.
• There’s a status quo order from a court to prevent further action.
• An ongoing dispute involves the rights to land, with the VSI and Bhils having differing claims on the same plot.