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| FERA | FEMA | |
| Violation of FERA was a criminal offence. | Violation of FEMA is a civil wrong. | |
| Offences under FERA were not compoundable. | Offences under FEMA are compoundable. | |
| Penalty was 5 times the amount involved. | Penalty is 3 times the sum involved. | |
| Citizenship-2/”>Citizenship was a criteria to determine residential | Stay in India for more than 182 days is the | |
| status of a person under FERA. | criteria to decide residential status. | |
| There was only one Appellate Authority namely | There are two appellate authorities namely | |
| Foreign Exchange Regulation Appellate Board. | 1. | Special Director (Appeals) and |
| 2. | Appellate Tribunal for Foreign Exchange. | |
Fiscal Responsibility & Budget Management (FRBM) Act 2003
- The Revenue Deficit as a ratio of GDP should be brought down by 0.5 per cent every year and eliminated by 2007-08;
- The Fiscal Deficit as a ratio of GDP should be reduced by 0.3 per cent every year and brought down to 3 per cent by 2007-08;
- The total liabilities of the Union Government should not rise by more than 9 per cent a year;
- The Union Government shall not give guarantee to loans raised by PSUs and State governments for more than 0.5 per cent of GDP in the aggregate;
Population Policy 2000
The immediate objective of the NPP 2000 is to address the unmet needs for contraception, Health care infrastructure, and health personnel, and to provide integrated service delivery forbasic reproductive and child health care. To bring the TFR to replacement levels by 2010. Stable population by 2045 at a level consistent with sustainable economic Growth.
National Socio-Demographic Goals for 2010
- Address the unmet needs for basic reproductive and child health Services, supplies and infrastructure.
- Make school Education up to age 14 free and compulsory, and reduce drop outs at primary and secondary school levels to below 20 percent for both boys and girls.
- Reduce infant mortality rate to below 30 per 1000 live births.
- Reduce maternal mortality ratio to below 100 per 100,000 live births.
- Achieve universal immunization of children against all vaccine preventable diseases.
- Promote delayed marriage for girls, not earlier than age 18 and preferably after 20 years of age.
- Achieve 80 percent institutional deliveries and 100 percent deliveries by trained persons.
- Achieve universal access to information/counseling, and services for fertility regulation and contraception with a wide basket of choices.
- Achieve 100 per cent registration of births, deaths, marriage and pregnancy.
- Contain the spread of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), and promote greater integration between the management of reproductive tract infections (RTI) and sexually transmitted infections (STI) and the National AIDS Control Organisation.
- Prevent and control communicable diseases.
- Integrate Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM) in the provision of reproductive and child health services, and in reaching out to households.
- Promote vigorously the small family norm to achieve replacement levels of TFR.
- Bring about convergence in implementation of related social sector programs so that family welfare becomes a people centred programme.
| Selected Terms | |
| Revenue Deficit | Difference between Revenue Expenditure & Revenue Receipts |
| Budget Deficit | Difference between total expenditure & revenue receipts |
| Fiscal Deficit | Budget deficit plus non debt creating capital receipts |
| Primary Deficit | Fiscal deficit – Interest Payments. |
| FIPB | Foreign Investment Promotion Council |
| MIGA | Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency |
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Commissions
A commission is a group of people appointed by a higher authority to carry out a specific task or investigation. Commissions are often used to study complex issues or to make recommendations on how to address them. They can also be used to investigate allegations of wrongdoing or to provide oversight of government agencies.
Commissions are typically appointed by a president, a legislature, or another governing body. The members of a commission are usually experts in the field that the commission is investigating or studying. Commissions typically have a set term of office, and they are disbanded once their task is complete.
Commissions can be an effective way to get things done, but they can also be slow and bureaucratic. It is important to choose the right type of body for the task at hand and to make sure that it is properly staffed and funded.
Composition
The composition of a commission is important because it determines the range of expertise and perspectives that will be brought to bear on the issue at hand. Commissions should be composed of individuals who have relevant experience and knowledge, as well as a diversity of viewpoints. This will help to ensure that the commission’s recommendations are well-considered and reflect the needs of all stakeholders.
Commissions are typically dissolved once their task is complete. However, they may also be dissolved if they are unable to reach a consensus, if they are found to be biased or incompetent, or if they are no longer needed.
Functions
The functions of a commission can vary depending on the task that it is appointed to undertake. However, some common functions include:
- Investigating issues
- Making recommendations
- Providing advice
- Overseeing programs
- Administering laws
Meetings
Commissions typically meet on a regular basis to discuss their work and to make decisions. The frequency of meetings will vary depending on the nature of the commission’s work.
A quorum is the minimum number of members that must be present for a commission to meet and take action. The quorum requirement is usually set by the commission’s governing body.
Reports
Commissions are often required to submit reports to their governing body or to the public. These reports should summarize the commission’s work, its findings, and its recommendations.
Staff
Commissions may have staff to assist them with their work. The staff may include researchers, analysts, and administrative personnel.
Committees
A committee is a group of people who are appointed or elected to carry out a specific task or function. Committees are often used in governments, businesses, and other organizations to provide advice, make decisions, or oversee activities.
Appointment
The members of a committee are typically appointed or elected by a higher authority. In governments, committees are often appointed by the president or a legislature. In businesses, committees are often appointed by the board of directors. In other organizations, committees may be elected by the members of the organization.
Composition
The composition of a committee is important because it determines the range of expertise and perspectives that will be brought to bear on the issue at hand. Committees should be composed of individuals who have relevant experience and knowledge, as well as a diversity of viewpoints. This will help to ensure that the committee’s recommendations are well-considered and reflect the needs of all stakeholders.
Dissolution
Committees are typically dissolved once their task is complete. However, they may also be dissolved if they are unable to reach a consensus, if they are found to be biased or incompetent, or if they are no longer needed.
Functions
The functions of a committee can vary depending on the task that it is appointed to undertake. However, some common functions include:
- Drafting legislation
- Overseeing the budget
- Confirming appointments
- Investigating allegations of wrongdoing
- Providing oversight of government agencies
Meetings
Committees typically meet on a regular basis to discuss their work and to make decisions. The frequency of meetings will vary depending on the nature of the committee’s work.
Quorum
A quorum is the minimum number of members that must be present for a committee to meet and take action. The quorum requirement is usually set by the committee’s governing body.
Reports
Committees are often required to submit reports to their governing body or to the public. These reports should summarize the committee’s work, its findings, and its recommendations.
Staff
Committees may have staff to assist them with their work. The staff may include researchers, analysts, and administrative personnel.
What is a commission?
A commission is a group of people appointed to carry out a particular task or inquiry.
What is a committee?
A committee is a group of people who are appointed to discuss and make recommendations on a particular issue.
What is the difference between a commission and a committee?
A commission is usually a more formal body than a committee, and it is often appointed by the government to investigate a particular issue. A committee is usually a more informal body, and it is often appointed by an organization to discuss and make recommendations on a particular issue.
What are the purposes of commissions and committees?
Commissions and committees are used to investigate issues, make recommendations, and carry out tasks. They can be used to provide advice to governments, organizations, or individuals. They can also be used to make decisions or to take action.
What are the benefits of using commissions and committees?
Commissions and committees can provide a forum for discussion and debate. They can also provide a way to gather information and to make recommendations. They can be used to provide a degree of independence and Objectivity.
What are the drawbacks of using commissions and committees?
Commissions and committees can be expensive and time-consuming. They can also be slow to make decisions. They can be subject to political pressure.
What are some examples of commissions and committees?
Some examples of commissions and committees include:
- The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples
- The 9/11 Commission
- The Iraq Study Group
- The United States Olympic Committee
- The board of directors of a company
- The faculty of a university
What are some of the challenges that commissions and committees face?
Some of the challenges that commissions and committees face include:
- Getting people to agree on the terms of reference
- Gathering information
- Making decisions
- Communicating with the public
- Dealing with political pressure
What are some of the best practices for commissions and committees?
Some of the best practices for commissions and committees include:
- Having a clear mandate
- Having a well-defined process
- Having a diverse membership
- Being transparent
- Being accountable
- Being responsive to the public
- A commission is a group of people appointed by the government to investigate a particular issue or to make recommendations on how to improve a situation.
- A committee is a group of people who are appointed to discuss and make decisions on a particular issue.
- The purpose of a commission is to investigate a particular issue and to make recommendations on how to improve the situation.
- The purpose of a committee is to discuss and make decisions on a particular issue.
- Commissions and committees are often used by governments to get input from experts and to make sure that all sides of an issue are considered before a decision is made.
Here are some multiple choice questions about commissions and committees:
-
Which of the following is not a purpose of a commission?
(a) To investigate a particular issue
(b) To make recommendations on how to improve the situation
(c) To provide entertainment
(d) To collect taxes -
Which of the following is not a purpose of a committee?
(a) To discuss and make decisions on a particular issue
(b) To provide entertainment
(c) To collect taxes
(d) To represent the interests of a particular group of people -
Which of the following is an example of a commission?
(a) The Warren Commission
(b) The 9/11 Commission
(c) The Iraq Study Group
(d) All of the above -
Which of the following is an example of a committee?
(a) The House Committee on Oversight and Reform
(b) The Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
(c) The Joint Chiefs of Staff
(d) All of the above -
Which of the following is true about commissions and committees?
(a) They are often used by governments to get input from experts and to make sure that all sides of an issue are considered before a decision is made.
(b) They are often used by businesses to make decisions about how to improve their products or services.
(c) They are often used by non-profit organizations to raise money and to advocate for their causes.
(d) All of the above.