Civil Disobedience Movement and Gandhi-Irwin Pact, 1931

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  • Started by Gandhi on 12th March 1930 with the Dandi March. Reached Dandi on April 6.
  • Defiance of forest laws in Maharashtra, Central Province and Karnataka. Refusal to pay chaukidari tax in Eastern India.
  • Wide participation of Women
  • Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan organized Khudai Khidmatgars (aka Red Shirts)
  • Nagaland: Rani Gaidilieu
  • First RTC, 1930
    • Congress boycotted
  • Gandhi-Irwin Pact, 1931
    • Government agreed to release the political prisoners who had remained non-violent
    • Right to make salt for consumption
    • Right to peaceful picketing of liquor and foreign cloth shops
    • Congress suspended the Civil Disobedience Movement
    • Agreed to take part in the second RTC

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    The Civil Disobedience Movement was a major nonviolent protest campaign in India led by Mahatma Gandhi. The movement began in 1930 with the Salt March, and continued until 1934. The goal of the movement was to achieve independence from British rule.

    The Salt March was a 240-mile (386 km) protest march from Gandhi’s home in Ahmedabad to the coastal town of Dandi. The march was intended to protest the British salt monopoly, which Gandhi saw as a symbol of Indian oppression. During the march, Gandhi and his followers made their own salt from seawater, in defiance of British law.

    The Salt March was a major turning point in the Indian independence movement. It inspired millions of Indians to join the fight for independence, and it showed the world the power of nonviolent resistance.

    The Chauri Chaura incident was a violent protest that occurred in the village of Chauri Chaura in February 1922. The protest was sparked by the arrest of some local villagers for refusing to buy salt from the government. The protesters attacked a police station, killing 22 policemen.

    The Chauri Chaura incident led to the suspension of the Civil Disobedience Movement by Gandhi. Gandhi believed that the violence at Chauri Chaura was a betrayal of the principles of nonviolence, and he felt that the movement could not continue in its current form.

    The Round Table Conferences were a series of conferences held in London in 1930, 1931, and 1932. The conferences were attended by representatives of the British government, the Indian National Congress, and other Indian Political Parties. The goal of the conferences was to discuss the future of India and to negotiate a settlement between the British and the Indians.

    The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was an agreement reached between Mahatma Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin in March 1931. The pact ended the Civil Disobedience Movement and led to the release of political prisoners. The pact also called for the government to release the salt monopoly and to allow Indians to participate in the government of India.

    The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was a major victory for the Indian independence movement. It showed that the British were willing to negotiate with the Indians, and it gave the Indians a greater voice in the government of India.

    The pact was not without its critics, however. Some Indians felt that the pact gave too much away to the British, and that it did not go far enough in achieving independence. Others felt that the pact was a betrayal of the principles of nonviolence, because it involved negotiations with the British.

    Despite its critics, the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was a significant step forward in the Indian independence movement. It showed that the British were willing to negotiate with the Indians, and it gave the Indians a greater voice in the government of India. The pact also helped to unite the Indian people behind the goal of independence.

    The Civil Disobedience Movement was a major nonviolent protest campaign in India led by Mahatma Gandhi. It began in 1930 and lasted until 1934. The goal of the movement was to achieve independence from British rule.

    The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was an agreement signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin in 1931. The pact ended the Civil Disobedience Movement and granted some concessions to the Indian National Congress. However, it did not achieve full independence for India.

    Here are some frequently asked questions about the Civil Disobedience Movement and the Gandhi-Irwin Pact:

    • What was the Civil Disobedience Movement?
      The Civil Disobedience Movement was a major nonviolent protest campaign in India led by Mahatma Gandhi. It began in 1930 and lasted until 1934. The goal of the movement was to achieve independence from British rule.

    • What were the causes of the Civil Disobedience Movement?
      The causes of the Civil Disobedience Movement were many. One cause was the British government’s salt monopoly. The British government had a monopoly on the production and sale of salt, which was a necessity for all Indians. This monopoly made salt very expensive, and it also made it difficult for Indians to obtain salt.

    Another cause of the Civil Disobedience Movement was the British government’s treatment of Indian political prisoners. The British government often imprisoned Indian political leaders without trial. This treatment of political prisoners was seen as unjust by many Indians.

    • What were the goals of the Civil Disobedience Movement?
      The goals of the Civil Disobedience Movement were to achieve independence from British rule and to improve the lives of Indians. The movement also sought to end the British government’s salt monopoly and to improve the treatment of Indian political prisoners.

    • What were the methods used in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
      The methods used in the Civil Disobedience Movement were nonviolent. The movement used methods such as boycotts, strikes, and protests. The movement also used civil disobedience, which is the refusal to obey laws that are considered unjust.

    • What were the results of the Civil Disobedience Movement?
      The Civil Disobedience Movement was successful in achieving some of its goals. The British government ended its salt monopoly and improved the treatment of Indian political prisoners. However, the movement did not achieve full independence for India.

    • What was the Gandhi-Irwin Pact?
      The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was an agreement signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin in 1931. The pact ended the Civil Disobedience Movement and granted some concessions to the Indian National Congress. However, it did not achieve full independence for India.

    • What were the terms of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact?
      The terms of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact were as follows:

    • The British government would release all political prisoners.

    • The British government would end its salt monopoly.
    • The British government would allow Indians to form their own provincial governments.

    • The British government would hold a Round Table Conference to discuss the future of India.

    • What were the results of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact?
      The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was successful in ending the Civil Disobedience Movement. However, it did not achieve full independence for India. The British government did not keep all of its promises under the pact.

    • What was the significance of the Civil Disobedience Movement and the Gandhi-Irwin Pact?
      The Civil Disobedience Movement and the Gandhi-Irwin Pact were significant events in the history of India. The movement showed the British government that Indians were willing to fight for their independence. The pact was a step towards Indian independence, but it did not achieve full independence.

    The following are multiple choice questions about the Civil Disobedience Movement and Gandhi-Irwin Pact, 1931:

    1. The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched in 1930 by Mahatma Gandhi. What was the main goal of the movement?
      (A) To achieve independence from British rule
      (B) To improve the lives of India’s poorest people
      (C) To end the practice of untouchability
      (D) To promote Hindu-Muslim unity

    2. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed in 1931 between Mahatma Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin. What were the main provisions of the pact?
      (A) The British government agreed to release political prisoners and to withdraw some of its repressive laws.
      (B) The Indian National Congress agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement.
      (C) The two sides agreed to set up a committee to discuss future constitutional reforms.
      (D) All of the above

    3. The Civil Disobedience Movement was a major turning point in the Indian independence struggle. What was one of the most significant outcomes of the movement?
      (A) It led to the release of Mahatma Gandhi from prison.
      (B) It helped to unite the Indian people against British rule.
      (C) It forced the British government to make some concessions to the Indian National Congress.
      (D) All of the above

    4. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was a significant achievement for Mahatma Gandhi. What was one of the most important things that Gandhi gained from the pact?
      (A) He was able to secure the release of political prisoners.
      (B) He was able to get the British government to withdraw some of its repressive laws.
      (C) He was able to get the British government to agree to set up a committee to discuss future constitutional reforms.
      (D) All of the above

    5. The Civil Disobedience Movement and Gandhi-Irwin Pact were important steps on the road to Indian independence. What was the ultimate outcome of the Indian independence struggle?
      (A) India gained independence from British rule in 1947.
      (B) India became a republic in 1950.
      (C) Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated in 1948.
      (D) All of the above

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