Notes and Study material for Exams
Amendments Amendments to the Constitution are made by the Parliament, the procedure for which is laid out in ARTICLE 368. An amendment bill must be passed by both the Houses of the Parliament by a two-thirds majority and voting. In addition to this, certain amendments which pertain to the federal nature of the Constitution must … Read more
Caste ,Class & Occupation The caste system is a Classification of people into four hierarchically ranked castes called varnas. They are classified according to occupation and determine access to wealth, power, and privilege. The Brahmans, usually priests and scholars, are at the top. Next are the Kshatriyas, or political rulers and soldiers. They are followed … Read more
The Right Against Exploitation: A Deep Dive into Articles 23 and 24 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), adopted in 1948, stands as a cornerstone of international human rights law. Its 30 articles outline fundamental rights and freedoms that every human being is entitled to, regardless of … Read more
Totalitarianism Totalitarianism is a form of government characterized by a single-party system, state control of the economy, and a repressive secret police. Totalitarian regimes seek to control all aspects of their citizens’ lives, from their thoughts and beliefs to their daily activities. They often use violence and intimidation to maintain power. Characteristics of Totalitarianism There … Read more
The Right to Information: A Powerful Tool for Transparency and Accountability The Right to Information (RTI) is a fundamental human right that empowers individuals to access information held by public authorities. It is a cornerstone of good governance, promoting transparency, accountability, and citizen participation in decision-making processes. This article delves into the significance of RTI, … Read more
Navigating the Labyrinth: A Comprehensive Guide to Tribunals The legal landscape is often complex and daunting, with a myriad of avenues for resolving disputes. Among these, tribunals stand as a distinct and often overlooked option, offering a specialized and efficient alternative to traditional court proceedings. This article delves into the world of tribunals, exploring their … Read more
Role Of Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) NGOs are voluntary organization’s. These are popularly known as NGOs because they are free from governmental control in their functioning. They are democratic and open to all those wishing to become member of the organization voluntarily and serve the Society. NGO have a long history in India. In … Read more
The Basic Structure Doctrine: A Cornerstone of India’s Constitutional Framework The Basic Structure Doctrine, a landmark legal principle in India, stands as a testament to the judiciary’s role in safeguarding the fundamental tenets of the Constitution. This doctrine, born out of the landmark case of Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalvaru v. State of Kerala (1973), has profoundly … Read more
Panchayats And Municipalities Panchayats Village Panchayat In the structure of the Panchayati Raj, the Village Panchayat is the lowest unit. There is a Panchayat for each village or a group of villages in case the Population of these villages happens to be too small. The Panchayat chiefly consists of representatives elected by the people of … Read more
The Curative Petition: A Lifeline for Patent Holders Facing Invalidity Challenges The patent system, designed to incentivize innovation and protect intellectual property, is a complex and often challenging landscape. Patent holders, after securing their rights, may find themselves facing legal challenges that threaten the validity of their patents. In such situations, a curative petition can … Read more