C.P. Brown
Charles Philip Brown (10 November 1798 – 12 December 1884) was a British official of the East India Company. He worked in what is now Andhra Pradesh, and became an important scholarly figure in Telugu language literature.
While Brown concentrated on Telugu, he was a polyglot. Other languages he knew were: Greek, Latin, Persian, Sanskrit. He supported Telugu in three ways: he produced his own works, he recovered and discovered old works and he printed books in Telugu. He financed himself and sometimes borrowed to do so. He established two free schools in Cuddapah, and two more in Machilipattanam. Brown’s interests turned to Vemana’s writings in 1824.
He studied Telugu meter and grammar under the guidance of Venkatasivasastri Tippabhatla and Advaitabrahmasastri Vatthyam. He continued his study of Telugu literature in Rajahmundry from 1825. He collected rare manuscripts of Telugu Kavyas (poems), and had them copied. He also collected essays, stories, and poems that existed as an oral literature. During his stay in London from 1835, he was employed by Horace Hayman Wilson in cataloguing South Indian Languages manuscripts from the East India House Library. Ultimately many of those were sent back to Madras. Friedrich August Rosen encouraged his work on Telegu prosody, and had Brown’s essay on it published in the Asiatic Journal. There Brown advocated a more incisive approach, less reliant on Indian traditions, and levelled some criticisms at the old school of Henry Colebrooke, Sir William Jones and William Yates.[9] He published in the Madras Journal of Literature and Science, on Colin Mackenzie’s manuscript collection from 1838 to 1848.
Thomas Munro-revenue system
Ryotwari system, one of the three principal methods of revenue collection in British India. It was prevalent in most of southern India, being the standard system of the Madras Presidency (a British-controlled area now constituting much of present-day Tamil Nadu and portions of neighbouring states). The system was devised by Capt. Alexander Read and Thomas (later Sir Thomas) Munro at the end of the 18th century and introduced by the latter when he was governor (1820–27) of Madras (now Chennai). The principle was the direct collection of the land revenue from each individual cultivator by government agents. For this purpose all holdings were measured and assessed according to crop potential and actual cultivation. The advantages of this system were the elimination of middlemen, who often oppressed villagers, and an assessment of the tax on land actually cultivated and not merely occupied. Offsetting these advantages was the cost of detailed measurement and of individual collection. This system also gave much power to subordinate revenue officials, whose activities were inadequately supervised.
The name of the system comes from the word ryot, an Anglicization by the British in India of the Arabic word raʿīyah, meaning a peasant or cultivator. The Arabic word passed into Persian (raʿeyyat) and was carried by the Mughals, who used it throughout India in their revenue administration. The British borrowed the word from them and continued to use it for revenue purposes in the Anglicized form. The word has passed into various Indian languages, but in northern India the Hindi term kisan is generally used.
Mackenzie-mahalwari system
The Mahalwari system was one of the three major land revenue settlements of British colonial India introduced under the administration of East India Company. It was the last land settlement experimented by the company administration and expected to be an improvement over both the previous working settlements. The other two major settlements were Zamindari (in Bengal presidency) and Ryotwari (in Madras and Bombay Presidency).
It was a settlement for the estates of proprietary bodies , first introduced in the region of North-Western Provinces* under the regulation VIII of 1822. Further, it was extended up to areas of the Central Provinces and the British Punjab. It was an intermediary type of the land settlement, first implemented in the Ceded* and Conquered* provinces which Lord Wellesly had acquired between 1801 and 1802. The settlement under the Mahalwari operation was directly made with the villages or estates or Mahals by the instruction of the settlement officers, who fixed the rent with the consultation of ‘lambardar’ and the rent to be paid by the cultivating peasants. The settlement possesses a mixture of Bengal Zamindari as well as Madras Rayotwari. Here, the settlements had neither been with great hereditary revenue farmers like the Bengal `Zamindars nor with the humble cultivators as in madras, but generally with the co-sharing village brotherhood called as “village community”.
Most of the historians placed the new system as a modified version of Permanent Zamindari of Bengal which was usually made with the ‘body of co-sharers’. In all Mahalwari regions, the land revenue was revised periodically.
The Mahalwari system of land revenue was of temporary in nature and implemented with the provision that the assessment should be revised after certain fixed period of time usually after 30 years. In few cases, the assessment of land revenue should be revised only after a period of 20 years and even at some occasions it was revised after a marginal gap of 10 years. In a simple revenue language, the Mahalwari settlement was famous as a ‘mauzawar’ settlement where ‘mauza’ stands for a village or a unit of assessment. The foundation of entire land revenue assessment and realization in the Mahalwari operated region was based on the records of ‘shajra’ or field map and “khasra” or field register. Under the system, the settlement was made directly with Mahals or estates in which a recognized landlord or proprietor of some kind declared responsible for the payment of land revenue to the government. 6 The collection of land revenue amount in Mahalwari settlement was directly connected to the existing Mahals or mauzas.
Poligar System
Polygar as the feudal title for a class of territorial administrative and military governors appointed by the Nayaka rulers of South India (notably Vijayanagara Empire, Madurai Nayakas and the Kakatiya dynasty) during the 16th–18th centuries.
The Polygars of Madurai Country were instrumental in establishing Administrative Reforms by building Irrigation projects, forts and religious institutions. The Polygars whom worshipped the goddess Kali did not allow their territory to be annexed by Aurangzeb.
Their wars with the British East India Company after the demise of the Madurai Nayakas is often regarded as one of the earliest struggles for Indian independence. The British hanged many and banished others to the Andaman Islands. Veerapandya Kattabomman, Maveeran Alagumuthu Kone, Puli Thevar, Dheeran Chinnamalai, Maruthanayagam Pillai,the Marudu brothers and Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy were some notable Polygars who rose up in revolt against the British rule in South India. The war against the British forces predates the Indian rebellion of 1857 in Northern India by many decades but is still largely given less importance by historian.
The Polygar’s role was to administer their Palaiyams (territories) from their fortified centres. Their chief functions were to collect taxes, maintain law and order, run the local judiciary, and maintain a battalion of troops for the king.
They served as regional military and civil administrators. In turn they were to retain ¼ of the revenue collected as tax, and submit the remaining to the king’s treasury. The Polygars also at times founded villages, built Dams, constructed tanks and built temples. Also the rulers taxed regions according to the cultivable and fertility of the land. Often several new rainwater tanks were erected in the semi-arid tracts of western and southern Tamil Nadu. Their armed status was also to protect the civilians from robbers and dacoits who were rampant in those regions and from invading armies which often resorted to pillaging the villages and countryside.,
C.P. Brown was a British civil servant and scholar who served in India from 1803 to 1834. He is best known for his work on the Tamil language and literature, and for his contributions to the study of Indian history and culture.
Brown was born in London in 1798. He studied at the University of Oxford, and after graduating in 1819, he joined the East India Company. He was posted to Madras, where he began his career as a civil servant.
In his spare time, Brown studied Tamil, and he soon became one of the leading experts on the language. He published several grammars and dictionaries of Tamil, and he also translated many Tamil works into English.
Brown was also interested in Indian history and culture. He wrote several books on these subjects, including a history of the Tamil people and a study of Hindu law.
Brown retired from the East India Company in 1834, and he returned to England. He died in London in 1874.
Thomas Munro was a British civil servant who served in India from 1792 to 1827. He is best known for his work on land revenue administration, and for his contributions to the study of Society/”>Indian Society and culture.
Munro was born in Edinburgh in 1761. He studied at the University of Edinburgh, and after graduating in 1784, he joined the East India Company. He was posted to Madras, where he began his career as a civil servant.
In his spare time, Munro studied Indian society and culture. He wrote several books on these subjects, including a study of the Hindu caste system and a study of the Maratha people.
Munro was also interested in land revenue administration. He believed that the best way to collect land revenue was to make the cultivators the direct tenants of the government. He introduced this system in several districts of Madras, and it proved to be very successful.
Munro retired from the East India Company in 1827, and he returned to England. He died in London in 1827.
The Mackenzie-Zamindary system was a system of land revenue administration that was introduced in India in the early 19th century. The system was named after Thomas Munro, who was the Governor of Madras from 1820 to 1827.
Under the Mackenzie-Zamindary system, the land revenue was collected from the zamindars, who were the hereditary landlords. The zamindars were responsible for collecting the revenue from the cultivators, and they were paid a commission on the amount of revenue that they collected.
The Mackenzie-Zamindary system was a successful system of land revenue administration. It was simple and efficient, and it generated a large amount of revenue for the government.
The Polegary System was a system of land tenure that was prevalent in the Deccan region of India in the 18th and 19th centuries. Under the Polegary System, the land was held by a number of small hereditary landlords, known as polegars. The polegars were responsible for collecting the land revenue from the cultivators, and they were paid a commission on the amount of revenue that they collected.
The Polegary System was a feudal system, and it was characterized by a great deal of inequality. The polegars were a small elite group, and they enjoyed a great deal of power and privilege. The cultivators, on the other hand, were a poor and oppressed group.
The Polegary System was abolished in the early 19th century, and it was replaced by the ryotwari system. The ryotwari system was a more equitable system of land tenure, and it was based on the principle that the cultivators should be the direct tenants of the government.
C.P. Brown
- Who was C.P. Brown?
C.P. Brown was a British civil servant and scholar who served in the Madras Presidency of British India. He is best known for his work on the Tamil language and literature. - What did C.P. Brown do?
C.P. Brown was a prolific writer and scholar. He wrote several books on the Tamil language and literature, including A Grammar of the Tamil Language (1837) and A Dictionary of the Tamil Language (1852). He also translated several Tamil works into English, including the Tirukkural and The Mahabharata. - What was C.P. Brown’s impact on India?
C.P. Brown’s work on the Tamil language and literature had a significant impact on India. His grammar and dictionary are still used by scholars today, and his translations of Tamil works have made them accessible to a wider audience.
Thomas Munro
- Who was Thomas Munro?
Thomas Munro was a British civil servant who served in the Madras Presidency of British India. He is best known for his work on land revenue administration. - What did Thomas Munro do?
Thomas Munro was a pioneer of land revenue administration in India. He introduced a system of survey and settlement that was based on the principle of individual ownership of land. This system, which is still in use today, helped to improve the lives of many Indian farmers. - What was Thomas Munro’s impact on India?
Thomas Munro’s work on land revenue administration had a significant impact on India. His system of survey and settlement helped to improve the lives of many Indian farmers and laid the foundation for the modern Indian economy.
Mackenzie-Zamindary System
- What was the Mackenzie-Zamindary System?
The Mackenzie-Zamindary System was a system of land revenue administration that was introduced in the Madras Presidency of British India in the early 19th century. The system was based on the principle of individual ownership of land, and it was designed to improve the lives of Indian farmers. - Who introduced the Mackenzie-Zamindary System?
The Mackenzie-Zamindary System was introduced by Thomas Munro, who was the Governor of Madras from 1820 to 1827. - What was the impact of the Mackenzie-Zamindary System?
The Mackenzie-Zamindary System had a significant impact on India. It helped to improve the lives of many Indian farmers and laid the foundation for the modern Indian economy.
Polegary System
- What was the Polegary System?
The Polegary System was a system of land revenue administration that was used in the Madras Presidency of British India in the 18th century. The system was based on the principle of collective ownership of land, and it was designed to collect revenue from the peasantry. - Who introduced the Polegary System?
The Polegary System was introduced by the British East India Company in the early 18th century. - What was the impact of the Polegary System?
The Polegary System had a significant impact on India. It led to the oppression of the peasantry and the outbreak of several rebellions.
- The Polegar system was a system of land revenue collection in the Madras Presidency of British India. It was introduced in the 18th century by the British East India Company. Under this system, the land was leased to local chiefs, known as poligars, who were responsible for collecting revenue from the peasants.
- The Mackenzie-Zamindary system was a system of land revenue collection in the Bengal Presidency of British India. It was introduced in the 18th century by the British East India Company. Under this system, the land was leased to local landlords, known as zamindars, who were responsible for collecting revenue from the peasants.
- C.P. Brown was a British civil servant and linguist who served in the Madras Presidency of British India. He is best known for his work on the Tamil language and literature.
- Thomas Munro was a British civil servant and soldier who served in the Madras Presidency of British India. He is best known for his work on land revenue administration and for his role in the introduction of the ryotwari system.
Which of the following is not a system of land revenue collection in British India?
(A) Polegar system
(B) Mackenzie-Zamindary system
(C) C.P. Brown system
(D) Thomas Munro system
The correct answer is (C). The C.P. Brown system is not a system of land revenue collection in British India. It is a system of land revenue collection in the Madras Presidency of British India.
Which of the following is not a British civil servant or soldier who served in British India?
(A) C.P. Brown
(B) Thomas Munro
(C) Polegar
(D) Mackenzie
The correct answer is (C). Polegar is not a British civil servant or soldier who served in British India. It is a local chief under the Polegar system of land revenue collection.