Blood Group, Classification of blood based on inherited differences (polymorphisms) in antigens on the surfaces of the red blood cells (erythrocytes). Inherited differences of white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets (thrombocytes), and plasma proteins also constitute blood groups.
English physician William Harvey announced his observations on the circulation of the blood in 1616 and published his famous monograph titled Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (The Anatomical Exercises Concerning the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals) in 1628. His discovery, that blood circulates around the body in a closed system, was an essential prerequisite of the concept of transfusing blood from one animal to another of the same or different species. In England, experiments on the transfusion of blood were pioneered in dogs in 1665 by physician Richard Lower. In November 1667 Lower transfused the blood of a lamb into a man. Meanwhile, in France, Jean-Baptiste Denis, court physician to King Louis XIV, had also been transfusing lambs’ blood into human subjects and described what is probably the first recorded account of the signs and symptoms of a hemolytic transfusion reaction. Denis was arrested after a fatality, and the procedure of transfusing the blood of other animals into humans was prohibited, by an act of the Chamber of Deputies in 1668, unless sanctioned by the Faculty of Medicine of Paris. Ten years later, in 1678, the British Parliament also prohibited transfusions. Little advance was made in the next 150 years.
Antibodies and antigens
Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in a liquid called plasma. blood group is identified by antibodies and antigens in the blood. Antibodies are proteins found in plasma. They’re part of body’s natural defences. They recognise foreign substances, such as germs, and alert immune system, which destroys them. Antigens are protein Molecules found on the surface of red blood cells.
ABO system
When it comes to blood type, you might inherit an A antigen from one parent and a B antigen from the other, resulting in the AB blood type. You could also get B antigens from both parents, giving you a BB, or a B, blood type. Type O, on the other hand, doesn’t contain any antigens and has no effect on A and B blood types. This means that if you inherit an O from your mother and an A from your father, for example, your blood type would be A. It’s also possible that two people with type A or type B blood could have a baby with type O blood if they carry the O antigen. For example, parents with AO blood could each pass the O antigen on to their child, creating OO (or simply O) blood. There are six of these combinations (AA, AB, BB, AO, BO, OO), which are called genotypes. The four blood types (A, B, AB, and O) stem from these genotypes.
Rh factor
Blood is also typed according to something called the Rh factor. This is another antigen found on red blood cells. If the cells have the antigen, they’re considered Rh-positive. If they don’t have it, they’re considered Rh-negative. Depending on whether the Rh antigen is present, each blood type is assigned a positive or negative symbol.
Significance of blood types
Your Health/cold-flu/fun-facts”>immune system naturally contains protective substances called antibodies. These help to fight off any material that your immune system doesn’t recognize. Usually, they attack viruses and bacteria.
However, antibodies can also attack antigens that aren’t present in your natural blood type. For example, if you have type B blood that’s mixed with type A blood during a transfusion, your antibodies will work to destroy the A antigens. This can have life-threatening results, which is why medical centers around the world have strict procedures in place to keep this from happening.
Keep in mind that blood types don’t always need to be an exact match to be compatible. For example, AB blood has both the A and B antigen, so a person with this type of blood can receive either type A or type B blood. Everyone can receive type O blood because it doesn’t contain any antigens. This is why people with type O blood are considered “universal donors.” However, people with type O blood can only receive type O blood.
When it comes to the Rh factor, people with Rh-positive blood can receive either Rh-positive or Rh-negative blood, while people with Rh-negative blood can only receive Rh-negative blood. In some cases, a woman with Rh-negative blood can carry a child with Rh-positive blood, resulting in a dangerous condition called Rh incompatibility.
To work out your blood group, your red cells are mixed with different antibody solutions. If, for example, the solution contains anti-B antibodies and you have B antigens on your cells (you’re blood group B), it will clump together.
If the blood doesn’t react to any of the anti-A or anti-B antibodies, it’s blood group O. A series of tests with different types of antibody can be used to identify your blood group. If you have a blood transfusion – where blood is taken from one person and given to another – your blood will be tested against a sample of donor cells that contain ABO and RhD antigens. If there’s no reaction, donor blood with the same ABO and RhD type can be used.
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Blood is a vital fluid that carries Oxygen and nutrients to the body’s Tissues and removes waste products. It is made up of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Blood group antigens are proteins that are found on the surface of red blood cells. There are many different blood groups, and each person has one or two blood types. The most common blood types are A, B, AB, and O.
Blood group antibodies are proteins that are found in the blood plasma. They can attack red blood cells that have different blood types. If a person receives a blood transfusion with blood that is not compatible with their blood type, their body can attack the transfused blood, which can be life-threatening.
Blood group compatibility is the ability of blood from one person to be safely transfused into another person. Blood group compatibility is determined by the blood group antigens and antibodies of the donor and recipient.
Blood group typing is the process of determining a person’s blood type. This is done by testing a sample of blood for the presence of blood group antigens.
Blood group systems are groups of blood group antigens that are inherited together. The most common blood group systems are the ABO system, the Rh system, and the MNS system.
Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood from one person (the donor) to another person (the recipient). Blood transfusions are used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including anemia, bleeding, and shock.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn is a condition that can occur when a mother’s blood type is incompatible with her baby’s blood type. This can cause the baby’s red blood cells to break down, which can lead to anemia and other problems.
Rh incompatibility is a condition that can occur when a mother’s blood type is Rh-negative and her baby’s blood type is Rh-positive. This can cause the mother’s body to produce antibodies that attack the baby’s red blood cells.
Blood donation is the process of giving blood to a Blood Bank. Blood banks collect blood from donors and store it for use in transfusions.
Blood Banking is the process of collecting, storing, and distributing blood. Blood banks are responsible for ensuring that blood is safe and available for transfusion.
Blood substitutes are substances that can be used to replace blood in transfusions. Blood substitutes are not yet widely available, but they are being developed as a way to reduce the need for blood transfusions.
Blood is a precious resource that is essential for life. Blood transfusions can save lives, and blood donation is a safe and easy way to help others. If you are eligible to donate blood, please consider doing so.
1. What is the difference between a virus and a bacteria?
A virus is a tiny, infectious particle that can cause disease. Bacteria are single-celled organisms that can also cause disease. The main difference between viruses and bacteria is that viruses are not cells, while bacteria are. Viruses are made up of a protein coat and genetic material, while bacteria have a cell wall, cytoplasm, and DNA or RNA.
2. What is the difference between a fungus and a mold?
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that are neither Plants nor animals. They are found in many different environments, including Soil, water, and on decaying organic matter. Molds are a type of fungus that grow in the form of multicellular filaments called hyphae. They can be found on food, in the air, and on soil.
3. What is the difference between a protozoan and a worm?
Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes that are found in many different environments, including water, soil, and on the bodies of animals. Worms are multicellular invertebrates that are found in many different environments, including soil, water, and on land.
4. What is the difference between an algae and a plant?
Algae are photosynthetic organisms that are found in many different environments, including water, soil, and on rocks. Plants are photosynthetic organisms that are found on land. The main difference between algae and plants is that algae are not vascular, while plants are. Vascular plants have a system of tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
5. What is the difference between an animal and a human?
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophic, meaning they cannot make their own food and must consume other organisms to survive. Humans are a type of animal that is also a member of the genus Homo. Humans are characterized by their large brains, upright posture, and complex social behavior.
6. What is the difference between a cell and a tissue?
A cell is the basic unit of life. It is a tiny, living structure that contains all the necessary components for life, including a nucleus, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane. A tissue is a group of cells that work together to perform a specific function. There are four main types of tissues in the human body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.
7. What is the difference between an organ and an organ system?
An organ is a group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function. There are many different organs in the human body, including the heart, lungs, brain, and stomach. An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform a complex function. There are many different organ systems in the human body, including the Digestive System, Circulatory System, and nervous system.
8. What is the difference between a molecule and an atom?
A molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are held together by chemical Bonds. Atoms are the basic units of matter. They are extremely small and cannot be seen with the naked eye. Atoms are made up of three types of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
9. What is the difference between a compound and a mixture?
A compound is a substance that is made up of two or more Elements that are chemically combined. A mixture is a substance that is made up of two or more elements or compounds that are not chemically combined.
10. What is the difference between a solution and a suspension?
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture of two or more substances. In a solution, the particles of the solute are evenly distributed throughout the solvent. In a suspension, the particles of the solute are not evenly distributed throughout the solvent.
Sure, here are some MCQs without mentioning the topic Blood Groups:
Which of the following is not a type of blood?
(A) Type A
(B) Type B
(C) Type AB
(D) Type O
(E) Type C
Which of the following is the most common blood type?
(A) Type A
(B) Type B
(C) Type AB
(D) Type O
(E) Type C
Which of the following blood types is the universal donor?
(A) Type A
(B) Type B
(C) Type AB
(D) Type O
(E) Type C
Which of the following blood types is the universal recipient?
(A) Type A
(B) Type B
(C) Type AB
(D) Type O
(E) Type C
Rh factor is a protein that can be found on the surface of red blood cells. People who have this protein are Rh-positive, while people who do not have this protein are Rh-negative. Which of the following statements is true about Rh factor?
(A) Rh factor is inherited from parents.
(B) Rh factor is not important for blood transfusions.
(C) Rh-negative people can only receive blood from Rh-negative donors.
(D) Rh-positive people can only receive blood from Rh-positive donors.
(E) Rh-positive people can receive blood from both Rh-positive and Rh-negative donors.
A person with type A blood has A antigens on the surface of their red blood cells. If this person receives a blood transfusion from a person with type B blood, their immune system will attack the donated blood cells. This is because the person’s immune system will recognize the B antigens on the donated blood cells as foreign. Which of the following terms describes this reaction?
(A) ABO incompatibility
(B) Rh incompatibility
(C) Hemolytic disease of the newborn
(D) Transfusion reaction
(E) Blood type mismatch
Hemolytic disease of the newborn is a condition that can occur when a mother with Rh-negative blood carries a fetus with Rh-positive blood. During pregnancy, some of the fetus’s blood cells can cross the placenta and enter the mother’s bloodstream. If the mother’s immune system is exposed to Rh-positive blood cells, it will produce antibodies against these cells. If the mother becomes pregnant with another Rh-positive fetus, these antibodies can cross the placenta and attack the fetus’s red blood cells. This can cause the fetus to develop anemia and jaundice. Which of the following terms describes this condition?
(A) ABO incompatibility
(B) Rh incompatibility
(C) Hemolytic disease of the newborn
(D) Transfusion reaction
(E) Blood type mismatch
A blood transfusion is a medical procedure in which blood or blood products are transferred from one person (the donor) to another person (the recipient). Blood transfusions are used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including anemia, bleeding, and cancer. Which of the following is a risk of blood transfusion?
(A) Infection
(B) Allergic reaction
(C) Blood clots
(D) All of the above
Blood is a complex fluid that is essential for life. It carries oxygen and nutrients to the body’s tissues and removes waste products. Blood is also responsible for clotting, which helps to stop bleeding. Which of the following is not a component of blood?
(A) Plasma
(B) Red blood cells
(C) White blood cells
(D) Platelets
(E) Blood type
Blood is classified into four main types: A, B, AB, and O. These types are determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens on the surface of red blood cells. Antigens are proteins that the immune system can recognize. Which of the following statements is true about blood types?
(A) People with type A blood can only receive blood from type A donors.
(B) People with type B blood can only receive blood from type B donors.
(C) People with type AB blood can only receive blood from type AB donors.
(D) People with type O blood can only receive blood from type O donors.
(E) People with any blood type can receive blood from type O donors.