<<–2/”>a >b>Biodiversity-2/”>Biodiversity-Definition, types, importance, hotspots, threats and conservation
The term biodiversity was coined as a contraction of biological diversity by E.O. Wilson in 1985. Biodiversity may be defined as the variety and variability of living organisms and the ecological complexes in which they exist. In other words, biodiversity is the occurrence of different types of Ecosystems, different species of organisms with the whole range of their variants and genes adapted to different climates, environments along with their interactions and processes.
Types of biodiversity
There are three interrelated hierarchical Levels of Biodiversity namely, Genetic diversity, Species diversity and community or ecosystem diversity.
Genetic diversity
It describes the variation in the number and types of genes as well as Chromosomes present in different species. The magnitude of variation in genes of a species increases with increase in size and environmental parameters of the habitat. The genetic variation arises by gene and chromosome mutation in individuals and in sexually reproducing organisms and it is spread in the Population by recombination of genetic materials during cell division after sexual Reproduction.
Species diversity
It describes the variety in the number and richness of the spices with in a region. The Species richness may be defined as the number of species per unit area. The richness of a species tells about the extent of biodiversity of a site and provides a means for comparing different sites. The species richness depends largely on climatic conditions. The number of individuals of different species with in a region represents Species evenness or species equitability. The product species richness and species evenness give species diversity of a region. When a species is confined entirely to a particular area, it is termed as endemic species.
Ecosystem diversity
It describes the assemblage and Interaction of spices living together and the physical Environment a given area. It relates varieties of habitats, biotic communities ecological processes in Biosphere. It also tells about the diversity within the ecosystem. It is referred as Land escape diversity because it includes placement and size of various ecosystems. For example, the landscapes like grass lands, deserts, Mountains etc. show ecosystem diversity. The ecosystem diversity is due to diversity of niches, trophic levels and ecological processes like nutrient cycling, food webs, energy flow, role of dominant species and various related biotic interactions. Such type of diversity can generate more productive and stable ecosystems or communities capable of tolerating various types of stresses e.g. drought, flood etc.
Importance of biodiversity
The biodiversity has the following importance’s:
Productive values
Biodiversity produces a number of products harvested from nature and sold in commercial markets. Indirectly it provides economic benefits to people which include water quality Soil protection, equalisation of Climate, environmental monitoring, scientific research, recreation etc.
Consumptive value
The consumptive value can be assigned to goods such as fuel woods, leaves, forest products etc. which may be consumed locally and do not figure in national and international market.
Social value
The loss of biodiversity directly influences the social life of the country possibly through influencing ecosystem functions (energy flow and biogeochemical cycle). This be easily understood by observing detrimental effects of Global Warming and Acid Rain which cause an unfavorable alteration in logical processes.
Aesthetic value
Aesthetic values such as refreshing fragrance of the flowers, taste of berries, softness of mossed, melodious songs of birds, etc. compel the human beings to preserve them. The earth’s natural beauty with its colour and hues, thick forest, and graceful beasts has inspired the human beings from their date of birth to take necessary steps for its maintenance. Similarly botanical and zoological gardens are the means of Biodiversity conservation and are of aesthetic values.
Ecological value
Biodiversity holds great ecological value because it is indispensable to maintain the ecological balance. Any disturbance in the delicately fabricated ecological balance maintained by different organisms, will lead to severe problems, which may threaten the survival of human beings.
Biodiversity hotspots
A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region that is both a significant reservoir of biodiversity and is threatened with destruction.
Indian Biodiversity Hotspot area
Western Ghats (Sahyadri Hills)
The Western Ghats, also known as the Sahyadri Hills , is a mountain chain running from the north to the South and is isolated by the Arabian Sea to the West, the arid Deccan Plateau to the East, and the Vindhya-Satpura ranges to the North. They have different vegetation types: scrub jungles and grasslands at low altitudes, dry and moist deciduous forests, montane grasslands and shoals, and the precious tropical evergreen and semi evergreen forests. Complex topography, high rainfall and relative inaccessibility have helped the region retain its biodiversity. Of the 15,000 flowering plant species in India, there are an estimated 4,780 species in the Western Ghats region. There is also a great diversity of traditional crop Plants and an equal diversity of animal life. A large number of amphibians, freshwater fishes and invertebrate groups are endemic to Western Ghats.
Indo-Burma (Eastern Himalayas )
The hotspot contains the Lower Mekong catchment. It begins in eastern Bangladesh and then extends across north-eastern India, south of the Bramaputra River, to encompass nearly all of Myanmar, part of southern and western Yunnan Province in China, all of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Cambodia and Vietnam, the vast majority of Thailand and a small part of Peninsular Malaysia. In addition, the hotspot covers the coastal lowlands of southern China (in southern Guangxi and Guangdong), as well as several offshore islands, such as Hainan Island (of China) in the South China Sea and the Andaman Islands (of India) in the Andaman Sea. The hotspot contains the Lower Mekong catchment.
Threats to biodiversity
Biodiversity is considered as a reservoir of Resources to be used for the manufacture of food, medicine, industrial products, etc. But with an increased demand of rapid population Growth, biodiversity is gradually depleting.
Habitat destruction
The primary cause of loss of biodiversity is habitat loss or destruction which is resulted due to the large industrial and commercial activities associated with agriculture, Irrigation, construction of Dams, mining, fishing etc.
Habitat fragmentation
With increased population, the habitats are fragmented into pieces by roads, fields, canals, power lines, towns etc. The isolated fragment of habitats restricts the potential of species for dispersal and colonization. In addition, the habitat fragmentation also brings about microclimatic changes in Light, temperature, wind etc.
Pollution
The most dreaded factor inducing loss of biodiversity is environmental pollution which include Air Pollution, Water Pollution, industrial pollution, pollution due to chemical Pastes, pesticides radioactive materials etc.
Over exploitation
The Natural Resources are over exploited to meet growing rural POVERTY, intensive technological growth and Globalization/”>Globalization-3/”>Globalization of economy. All these factors together may be responsible for the extinction of a number of species.
Conservation of Biodiversity
Biodiversity is being depleted by the loss of habitat, fragmentation of habitat, over exploitation of resources, human sponsored ecosystems, climatic changes, pollution invasive exotic spices, diseases, shifting cultivation, poaching of wild life etc.
Since the human beings are enjoying all the benefits from biodiversity, they should take proper care for the preservation of biodiversity in all its form and good Health for the future generation i.e., the human being should prevent the degradation and destruction of the habitats thereby maintaining the biodiversity at its optimum level.
Conservation of biodiversity is protection, upliftment and scientific management of biodiversity so as to maintain it at its threshold level and derive sustainable benefits for the present and future generation. In other words, conservation of bio-diversity is the proper management of the biosphere by human beings in such a way that it gives maximum benefits for the present generation and also develops its potential so as to meet the needs of the future generations.
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Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth. It includes the variety of plants, animals, Fungi, and Microorganisms, as well as the variety of ecosystems in which they live. Biodiversity is important for many reasons. It provides us with food, medicine, and other resources. It also helps to regulate the climate and clean the air and water. Biodiversity is also important for our mental and emotional well-being.
There are three main types of biodiversity: genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. Genetic diversity is the variety of genes within a species. Species diversity is the variety of different species on Earth. Ecosystem diversity is the variety of different ecosystems on Earth.
Genetic diversity is important because it allows species to adapt to changes in their environment. Species diversity is important because it provides us with a variety of different plants and animals to use for food, medicine, and other resources. Ecosystem diversity is important because it helps to regulate the climate and clean the air and water.
Biodiversity hotspots are areas that have a high concentration of plant and animal species that are found nowhere else on Earth. These areas are also under threat from human activities, such as deforestation, agriculture, and pollution.
The main threats to biodiversity are habitat loss, overexploitation, pollution, and Climate Change. Habitat loss occurs when forests are cut down, wetlands are drained, and other natural areas are destroyed. Overexploitation occurs when too many animals are hunted or harvested. Pollution occurs when chemicals and other pollutants are released into the environment. Climate change is causing the Earth’s temperature to rise, which is leading to changes in weather patterns and sea levels.
There are many things that we can do to conserve biodiversity. We can reduce our impact on the environment by conserving energy, using less water, and recycling. We can also support organizations that are working to protect biodiversity. We can also choose to buy products that are made from sustainably harvested materials.
Conservation of biodiversity is important because it helps to ensure that future generations will be able to enjoy the benefits of biodiversity. It also helps to protect the Earth’s ecosystems, which are essential for our survival.
Here are some additional facts about biodiversity:
- The Earth is home to an estimated 8.7 million species of plants and animals.
- Every day, an estimated 100 species of plants and animals become extinct.
- The main threats to biodiversity are habitat loss, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change.
- We can all help to conserve biodiversity by reducing our impact on the environment, supporting organizations that are working to protect biodiversity, and choosing to buy products that are made from sustainably harvested materials.
What is biodiversity?
Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth. It includes all living things, from plants and animals to bacteria and fungi. It also includes the ecosystems that these organisms live in, such as forests, grasslands, and Oceans.
What are the different types of biodiversity?
There are three main types of biodiversity: genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity.
- Genetic diversity is the variety of genes within a species. This diversity is important because it allows species to adapt to changes in their environment.
- Species diversity is the variety of different species on Earth. This diversity is important because it allows ecosystems to function properly.
- Ecosystem diversity is the variety of different ecosystems on Earth. This diversity is important because it provides us with food, water, and other resources.
Why is biodiversity important?
Biodiversity is important for many reasons. It provides us with food, water, and other resources. It also helps to regulate the climate and protect us from natural disasters. Biodiversity is also important for our mental and emotional health. Spending time in nature can help to reduce Stress, improve our mood, and boost our immune system.
What are biodiversity hotspots?
Biodiversity hotspots are areas that have a high concentration of plant and animal species. They are also areas that are under threat from human activities. There are 36 biodiversity hotspots in the world, covering just 2.3% of the Earth’s surface, but they contain more than half of the world’s plant and animal species.
What are the threats to biodiversity?
The main threats to biodiversity are habitat loss, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change.
- Habitat loss is the destruction of natural habitats, such as forests and grasslands. This can happen due to deforestation, development, and agriculture.
- Overexploitation is the use of resources at a rate that is faster than they can be replaced. This can happen with hunting, fishing, and logging.
- Pollution is the release of harmful substances into the environment. This can come from industrial activities, agriculture, and transportation.
- Climate change is the long-term change in the Earth’s climate. This can cause changes in temperature, Precipitation, and sea level.
What can we do to conserve biodiversity?
There are many things we can do to conserve biodiversity. We can reduce our impact on the environment, support sustainable practices, and protect endangered species.
- We can reduce our impact on the environment by conserving energy, water, and resources. We can also recycle and compost to reduce waste.
- We can support sustainable practices by buying products that are made from sustainable materials and that support fair trade. We can also support organizations that are working to protect the environment.
- We can protect endangered species by donating to conservation organizations, volunteering our time, and spreading awareness about the issue.
By taking these steps, we can help to protect biodiversity and ensure that future generations can enjoy the beauty and benefits of nature.
Question 1
Which of the following is not a type of biodiversity?
(A) Genetic diversity
(B) Species diversity
(C) Ecosystem diversity
(D) Community diversity
Answer
(D) Community diversity is not a type of biodiversity. Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth. It includes the variety of plants, animals, and microorganisms, as well as the variety of ecosystems in which they live. Genetic diversity is the variety of genes within a species. Species diversity is the variety of species in a given area. Ecosystem diversity is the variety of ecosystems on Earth.
Question 2
Which of the following is not a threat to biodiversity?
(A) Habitat loss
(B) Overexploitation
(C) Pollution
(D) Climate change
Answer
(C) Pollution is not a threat to biodiversity. Habitat loss, overexploitation, and climate change are all threats to biodiversity. Habitat loss occurs when natural habitats are destroyed or degraded. Overexploitation occurs when a species is harvested at a rate that exceeds its ability to reproduce. Climate change is a change in the Earth’s climate, which can lead to changes in temperature, precipitation, and sea level. These changes can have a negative impact on biodiversity.
Question 3
Which of the following is not a way to conserve biodiversity?
(A) Protect endangered species
(B) Establish Protected Areas
(C) Reduce pollution
(D) Use sustainable practices
Answer
(A) Protecting endangered species is a way to conserve biodiversity. However, it is not the only way. Other ways to conserve biodiversity include establishing protected areas, reducing pollution, and using sustainable practices. Protected areas are areas of land or water that are set aside for conservation. Reducing pollution can help to protect the habitats of plants and animals. Using sustainable practices can help to reduce the impact of human activities on the environment.
Question 4
Which of the following is not a benefit of biodiversity?
(A) Biodiversity provides food and medicine.
(B) Biodiversity helps to regulate the climate.
(C) Biodiversity provides jobs and economic opportunities.
(D) Biodiversity helps to protect the environment.
Answer
(D) Biodiversity does not help to protect the environment. In fact, biodiversity is essential for the protection of the environment. Biodiversity provides food and medicine, helps to regulate the climate, and provides jobs and economic opportunities.