Agriculture based industries

SEED Industry

India is the fifth largest seed market across the globe.
It is expected to grow at more than 15% during 2017–2022, and can reach a value of more than US$ 7 Billion by 2022.
The seed market is majorly contributed by non-vegetable seeds such as corn, Cotton, paddy, wheat, sorghum, sunflower and Millets.
Direct contribution of quality seed to the total production can be raised up to 45% with efficient management of other inputs.

Silk industry (Sericulture) in India

India is the second largest producer of silk in the world. It provides EMPLOYMENT to over 8.25million people in the country.
There are four major types of silk produced in India: Mulberry, Tasar, Muga, Eri of which Mulberry accounts for 70% of total raw silk production.
India currently produces all four variety of silk – mulberry, eri, muga and tassar. The silk production is mostly prevalent in Karnataka, Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.
Major Export destination of Indian Silk exports are USA and UAE followed by UK, France, Italy and Germany. Mostly natural silk yarns, fabrics, made-ups, readymade garments, silk carpets and silk waste are exported.
For Growth and development of the silk industry Indian Silk Export Promotion Council has also been set up. It organises trade shows and fairs across the world to promote trade with different countries. The council also facilitates meetings between exporters and potential customers.
India’s north eastern region has the unique distinction of producing all these commercial varieties of silk contributes about 21% of the total silk production in the country

Sugar Industry in India

The Money would be credited directly into the bank accounts of farmers, who haven’t received the “Fair and Remunerative Price” (FRP) for sugarcane fixed by the Centre.
The Centre’s Sugarcane (Control) Order mandates mills to pay the FRP within 14 days of cane purchase from farmers, failing which 15% annual interest is charged on the due amount for the period of delay. Considering the large cane price arrear dues to farmers the mills say they cannot pay farmers beyond 75% of their realisations from sugar and thus the amount sanctioned by government is grossly inadequate.
The populist increases in SAP recent years has resulted in excessive production of sugarcane, estimated at 295.07 lakh tone thus triggering a glut of supply of sugar which reached an all-time high of 29.98 million tonne.
Further considering the high cost of production of sugar (partly due to high cane prices in India) in other countries the export prices of sugar are much lower than from domestic sales.

Food Processing, and Food Packaging & Marketing

Food Processing Industry (FPI) in India is a sunrise sector that has gained prominence in the recent years. Easy availability of raw materials, changing lifestyles and favourable fiscal policies has given a considerable push to the industry’s growth.
FPI serves as a vital link between the agriculture and manufacturing sectors of the economy.
Strengthening this link is critical to reduce wastage of agricultural raw materials, improve the value of agricultural produce by increasing shelf-life as well as by fortifying the nutritive value of the food products and ensure remunerative prices to farmers as well as affordable prices to consumers.
India has a Population of one hundred crore plus and feeding this large a population calls for a strong FPI.
The industry also assumes importance in the national economy due to the immense employment generation opportunities it offers and the export revenue it earns. India is one of the leading exporters of the processed food products.
It has a competitive edge over other countries due to the wide variety of crops cultivated as a result of geographical and climatic diversity.
Government too is trying to support the industry by formulating favourable policies. With adequate government focus on the infrastructural support, research and development and technological innovation in this sector, India could alleviate its domestic concerns on Food Security, Malnutrition and food Inflation.

Introduction

As per Ministry of Food Processing of India (MOFPI), the term ‘food processing’ is mainly defined as a process of value addition to the agricultural or horticultural produce by various methods like grading, sorting and packaging.
In other words, it is a technique of manufacturing and preserving food substances in an effective manner with a view to enhance their shelf life; improve quality as well as make them functionally more useful.
It covers a wide spectrum of products from sub- sectors comprising agriculture, Horticulture-2/”>Horticulture, plantation, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries-2/”>Fisheries. It also includes other industries that use agricultural inputs for manufacturing of edible products.

SEGMENTS IN THE FPI

The food processing sector comprises of three segments based on the levels of processing

Primary processing of food

Primary processing of food comprises of sorting, grading and packaging of fruits and vegetables, milk, rice, spices, etc.

Secondary Processing of Food

Secondary processing of food comprises of re-shaping of food for ease of consumption. It includes flour, Oil Cakes, tea leaf and beverages powder etc.
Together with primary processing, the two segments constitute around 62% of the processed foods in value terms.

Tertiary Processing of Food (or) Value Added Food Segment

Value added food segment includes processed fruits and vegetables, juices, jam & jelly etc and holds around 38 % share in the total processed food market.
MOFPI indicates the following segments within the food processing industry on the basis of the raw material used:

Fruits& Vegetables –Beverages, Juices, Concentrates, Pulps, Slices, Frozen & Dehydrated products, Wine, Potato wafers/Chips etc.
Fisheries -Frozen & Canned products mainly in fresh form
Meat & Poultry -Frozen and packed food mainly in fresh form, Egg powder
Milk & Dairy -Whole milk powder, Skimmed milk powder, Condensed milk, Ice cream, Butter and Ghee
Grain and Cereals–Flour, Bakeries, Biscuits, Starch, Glucose, Cornflakes, Malted foods, Vermicelli, Pasta foods, Beer and Malt extracts, Grain based alcohol
Consumer Foods– Chocolates, Confectionery, Soft/Aerated beverages

Advantage India in Food Processing

India is one of the largest food producers in the world.
India has diverse agro-climatic conditions and has a large and diverse raw material base suitable for food processing companies.
India is looking for Investment in Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE, packaging and marketing.
India has huge scientific and research talent pool.
Well developed infrastructure and distribution Network.
Rapid Urbanization, increased Literacy, changing life style, increased number of Women in workforce, rising per capita income leading to rapid growth and new opportunities in food and beverages sector.
50 per cent of household expenditure by Indians is on food items.
Strategic geographic location (proximity of India to markets in Europe and Far East, South East and West Asia).

Key growth drivers of Food Processing Sector in India

Increasing spending on Health and nutritional foods.
Increasing number of nuclear families and working women
Changing lifestyle
Functional foods, fresh or processed foods
Organized retail and private label penetration
Changing demographics and rising disposable incomes

Key opportunities in Food Processing Sector

Processable varieties of crop
Contract Farming
Investments in infrastructure through Public Private PARTNERSHIP (PPP)
Mega Food Parks
Logistics and cold chain infrastructure
Food safety Management Systems
Machinery and packaging

Introduction to food Packaging:

In today’s Society, packaging is pervasive and essential. It surrounds, enhances and protects the goods we buy, from processing and manufacturing, through handling and storage, to the final consumer.
Without packaging, materials handling would be a messy, inefficient and costly exercise and modem consumer marketing would be virtually impossible.
The packaging sector represents about 2% of Gross National Product (GNP) in developed countries and about half of all packaging is used to package food

Developments in Indian packaging:

Metal cans and glass bottles have lost large markets to rigid and flexible plastics and printed monocartons.
Flexible packaging has replaced all forms of rigid packaging. The flexible packaging segment has seen many new innovations. The concept of the single use unit pack is now globally acknowledged as a marketing first.
Laminate tube has almost entirely replaced the aluminium collapsible tube for toothpaste packaging, now making inroads into the pharmaceutical sector.
PET bottles & Jars have made a spectacular entry into the Indian market, recording annual growth rates in excess of 20% per annum; in its wake, the demand for a whole new range of plastic closures has also emerged replacing metal closures.

PET bottles are used for mineral water, edible oil, carbonated soft drinks and a host of other products.

Definition of packaging

Packaging has been defined as a socioscientific discipline which operates in society to ensure delivery of goods to the ultimate consumer of those goods in the best condition intended for their use.
The Packaging Institute International (PII) defines packaging as the enclosure of products, items or packages in a wrapped pouch, bag, box, cup, tray, can, tube, bottle or other container form to perform one or more of the following functions: containment, protection, preservation, Communication, utility and performance.
If the device or container performs one or more of these functions, it is considered a package.
Other definitions of packaging include a co-ordinated system of preparing goods for transport, distribution, storage, retailing and end-use, a means of ensuring safe delivery to the ultimate consumer in Sound condition at optimum cost, and a techno-commercial function aimed at optimizing the costs of delivery while maximizing sales.

Levels of Packaging:

A primary package is the one which is in direct contact with the contained product. It provides the initial, and usually the major protective barrier. Example: Metal cans, paperboard cartons, glass bottles and plastic pouches, aerosal spray can, Beverage can, cushioning envelopes, plastic bottles, skin pack.
A secondary package contains a number of primary packages. It is outside the primary packaging perhaps used to group primary packages together. It is the physical distribution carrier and is sometimes designed so that it can be used in retail outlets for the display of primary packages. Ex. Corrugated case, Boxes
A tertiary package is made up of a number of secondary packages. It is used for bulk handling. Example being a stretch-wrapped pallet of corrugated cases.
A quaternary package is frequently used to facilitate the handling of tertiary packages. This is generally a metal container up to 40 m in length which can be transferred to or from ships, trains, and flatbed trucks by giant cranes. Certain containers are also able to have their temperature, humidity and gas Atmosphere controlled. This is necessary in particular situations such as the transportation of frozen foods, chilled meats and fresh fruits and vegetables.

Shelf life of processed foods

Shelf life is the length of time that foods, beverages, and many other perishable items are given before they are considered unsuitable for sale, use, or consumption.
It is the time between the production and packaging of a product and the point at which the product first becomes unacceptable under defined environmental conditions.
It is a function of the product, package and the Environment through which the product is transported, stored and sold.
Factors influencing shelf life: These include product, package and the environment.
Product: Products differ greatly in their susceptibility to various agents.
These agents cause different charges which affect the shelf life. Examples include:

Aroma loss as in freshly ground pepper or roasted coffee which results in loss of palatability
Pick up of a foreign odour. Ex. Absorption of onion odour by butter when these two items are placed together.
Loss of carbonation as in the case of soft drinks or beer
Ex. Honey when kept in cold for a long time.
Moisture gain as in dry or dehydrated foods such as ready-to-eat breakfast cereals, snack foods which destroys their crisp texture
Rancidity of snack items such as potato chips due to the oxidation of the oils absorbed during frying
Browning reactions as in case of freshly cut fruits

Indian food industry- Facts and Statistics

Introduction

The Indian food industry is poised for huge growth, increasing its contribution to world food trade every year. In India, the food sector has emerged as a high-growth and high-profit sector due to its immense potential for value addition, particularly within the food processing industry.

Accounting for about 32 per cent of the country’s total food market, The Government of India has been instrumental in the growth and development of the food processing industry.
The government through the Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) is making all efforts to encourage investments in the business.
It has approved proposals for joint ventures (JV), foreign collaborations, industrial licenses, and 100 per cent export oriented units.

Market Size

The Indian food and grocery market is the world’s sixth largest, with retail contributing 70 per cent of the sales.
The Indian food processing industry accounts for 32 per cent of the country’s total food market, one of the largest industries in India and is ranked fifth in terms of production, consumption, export and expected growth.
It contributes around 8.80 and 8.39 per cent of Gross Value Added (GVA) in Manufacturing and Agriculture respectively, 13 per cent of India’s exports and six per cent of total industrial investment.
The Indian gourmet food market is currently valued at US$ 1.3 billion and is growing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 20 per cent. India’s organic food market is expected to increase by three times by 2020#.
The online food ordering business in India is in its nascent stage, but witnessing exponential growth.
With online food delivery players like FoodPanda, Zomato, TinyOwl and Swiggy building scale through partnerships, the organised food business has a huge potential and a promising future.
The online food delivery industry grew at 150 per cent year-on-year with an estimated Gross Merchandise Value (GMV) of US$ 300 million in 2016.

Investments

According to the data provided by the Department of Industrial Policies and Promotion (DIPP), the food processing sector in India has received around US$ 7.54 billion worth of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) during the period April 2000-March 2017.
The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) estimates that the food processing sectors have the potential to attract as much as US$ 33 billion of investment over the next 10 years and also to generate employment of nine million person-days.

Some of the major investments in this sector in the recent past are:

Global E-Commerce giant, Amazon is planning to enter the Indian food retailing sector by investing US$ 515 million in the next five years, as per Mr Harsimrat Kaur Badal, Minister of Food Processing Industries, Government of India.
Parle Agro Pvt Ltd is launching Frooti Fizz, a SUCCESSION of the original Mango Frooti, which will be retailed across 1.2 million outlets in the country as it targets increasing its annual revenue from Rs 2800 crore (US$ 0.42 billion) to Rs 5000 crore (US$ 0.75 billion) by 2018.
US-based food company Cargill Inc, aims to double its branded consumer business in India by 2020, by doubling its retail reach to about 800,000 outlets and increase market share to become national leader in the sunflower oil category which will help the company be among the top three leading brands in India.
Mad Over Donuts (MoD), outlined plans of expanding its operations in India by opening nine new MOD stores by March 2017.
Danone SA plans to focus on Nutrition business in India, its fastest growing market in South Asia, by launching 10 new products in 2017, and aiming to double its revenue in India by 2020.
Uber Technologies Inc plans to launch UberEATS, its food delivery service to India, with investments made across multiple cities and regions.

Salient Features of Mega Food Parks

The Mega Food Parks Scheme aims to provide a mechanism to bring together farmers, processors and retailers and link agriculture production to the market so as to ensure maximization of value addition, minimization of wastages and improving farmers’ income.
The primary objective of the Scheme is to provide modern infrastructure facilities for the food processing along the value chain from the farm to the market with a cluster based approach based on a hub and spokes model.
It includes creation of infrastructure for primary processing and storage near the farm in the form of Primary Processing Centres (PPCs) and Collection Centres (CCs) and common facilities and enabling infrastructure like roads, electricity, water, ETP facilities etc. at Central Processing Centre (CPC).
These PPCs and CCs act as aggregation and storage points to feed raw material to the food processing units located in the CPC.
Food Processing being capital incentive activity, common facilities are created at CPC to be used by the processing units on hire basis.
This helps in reducing the cost of individual units significantly and makes them more viable. The minimum land required for a Central Processing Centre in Mega Food Park is 50 acre and implementation period is 30 months.
The scheme is demand-driven and would facilitate food processing units to meet environmental, safety and social standards.
A cluster of 30-35 units is expected to come up in one Mega Food Park with an investment of about Rs. 250 Crore. It is likely to benefit about 6000 farmers/ producers directly and 25000-30000 farmers indirectly.
The financial assistance under the scheme is provided in the form of grant-in-aid @ 50% of eligible project cost in general areas and @ 75% of eligible project cost in NE Region and difficult areas (Hilly States and ITDP areas) subject to maximum of Rs. 50 crore per project.
Functioning of Mega Food Parks is closely monitored by the Ministry through a well-established mechanism as per the scheme guidelines.
This includes detailed scrutiny of the periodical progress reports of the project by the Programme Management Agency (PMA) and the Ministry, verification of the bills by the Project Management Consultant (PMC) before release of the funds from the bank account maintained for the purpose, site visits of the projects by the PMA and Ministry officers, periodic review meetings of the progress of the projects at the level of the senior officers and Minister in the Ministry etc.Ministry monitors each project very closely and regularly.

Agriculture is the practice of cultivating Plants and Livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities. The history of agriculture began thousands of years ago. After gathering wild grains beginning at least 105,000 years ago, nascent farmers began to plant them around 11,500 years ago. Pigs, sheep and cattle were domesticated over 10,000 years ago. Plants were independently cultivated in at least 11 regions of the world. Industrial agriculture based on large-scale Monoculture in the twentieth century came to dominate agricultural output, though about 2 billion people still depended on subsistence agriculture into the twenty-first.

Modern agronomy, plant breeding, agrochemicals such as pesticides and Fertilizers, and technological developments have sharply increased yields, while causing widespread ecological and environmental damage. Selective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry have similarly increased the output of meat, but have raised concerns about animal welfare and environmental damage. Environmental issues include contributions to Global Warming, depletion of aquifers, deforestation, antibiotic resistance, growth HORMONES in industrial meat production and the impact of modern animal husbandry on the environment.

Agriculture is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for 14.5% of global human-caused emissions in 2010. The main sources of these emissions are from the production and processing of agricultural products, including the use of fertilizers, manure, and agricultural machinery. Agriculture is also a major source of Water Pollution, with runoff from farms carrying pesticides, fertilizers, and sediment into waterways.

Agriculture is a major driver of deforestation, as forests are cleared to make way for agricultural land. Deforestation contributes to Climate change by releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Agriculture is also a major cause of Soil erosion, which can lead to the loss of fertile land and the contamination of waterways with sediment.

Agriculture is a major source of antibiotic resistance, as antibiotics are used to treat diseases in livestock. Antibiotic resistance is a serious public health threat, as it can make it difficult to treat infections in humans.

Agriculture is a major source of growth hormones in industrial meat production. Growth hormones are used to increase the weight of livestock, but they can have negative health effects on both the animals and the people who consume them.

Agriculture has a significant impact on the environment. It is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution, deforestation, and soil erosion. Agriculture is also a major source of antibiotic resistance and growth hormones. These environmental problems have the potential to harm human health and the planet.

Sustainable Agriculture is a type of agriculture that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable agriculture practices include using renewable Resources, conserving water, reducing soil erosion, and protecting wildlife habitat. Sustainable agriculture can help to reduce the environmental impact of agriculture and improve the health of people and the planet.

Veterinary medicine is the medical profession concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases, injuries, and other health problems in non-human animals. Veterinary medicine is a branch of medicine that deals with the health and welfare of animals. Veterinarians provide medical care for a wide range of animals, including domestic pets, livestock, and wildlife. Veterinary medicine is a rapidly growing field, and veterinarians play an important role in protecting the health of animals and humans.

Water management is the process of controlling the distribution and use of Water Resources. Water management is essential for human health, agriculture, industry, and the environment. Water management can be used to improve water quality, reduce flooding, and conserve water resources. Water management is a complex and challenging task, but it is essential for the Sustainable Development of our planet.

What are the different types of agriculture?

There are many different types of agriculture, but some of the most common include:

Subsistence agriculture: This type of agriculture is used to meet the basic needs of the farmer and their family. It is often practiced in developing countries, where there is a lack of resources and infrastructure.
Commercial agriculture: This type of agriculture is used to produce crops or livestock for sale. It is often practiced in developed countries, where there is a large market for agricultural products.
Industrial agriculture: This type of agriculture is characterized by the use of large-scale machinery and technology. It is often used to produce crops or livestock on a large scale.
Organic agriculture: This type of agriculture is based on the principles of sustainability and environmental protection. It does not use synthetic pesticides or fertilizers.
Sustainable agriculture: This type of agriculture is designed to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It often involves practices such as Crop Rotation, cover Cropping, and composting.

What are the benefits of agriculture?

Agriculture provides many benefits, including:

Food: Agriculture is the primary source of food for humans and animals.
Fiber: Agriculture provides fibers such as cotton and wool, which are used to make clothing and other products.
Fuel: Agriculture provides biofuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, which can be used to power vehicles.
Jobs: Agriculture employs millions of people around the world.
Economic Development: Agriculture can help to stimulate economic development in rural areas.
Conservation: Agriculture can help to conserve Natural Resources, such as water and soil.

What are the challenges of agriculture?

Agriculture faces many challenges, including:

Climate Change: Climate change is causing changes in weather patterns, which can make it difficult for farmers to grow crops and raise livestock.
Pests and diseases: Pests and diseases can damage crops and livestock, leading to crop losses and reduced productivity.
Water scarcity: Water scarcity is a major problem in many parts of the world, and it can limit the amount of land that can be used for agriculture.
Soil degradation: Soil degradation is a major problem in many parts of the world, and it can reduce the productivity of agricultural land.
Overpopulation: Overpopulation is a major problem in many parts of the world, and it can put a strain on the resources that are available for agriculture.

What are the future trends in agriculture?

The future of agriculture is uncertain, but some of the trends that are likely to shape it include:

Climate change: Climate change is already having a significant impact on agriculture, and it is likely to become even more of a challenge in the future.
Technology: Technology is already being used to improve efficiency and productivity in agriculture, and it is likely to play an even greater role in the future.
Urbanization: Urbanization is leading to a decline in the number of people living in rural areas, which is having a major impact on agriculture.
Consumer demand: Consumer demand for food is changing, and farmers are being forced to adapt to meet these changes.
Government policy: Government policy can have a major impact on agriculture, and it is likely to continue to do so in the future.

Which of the following is not a type of agriculture?
(A) Crop production
(B) Animal husbandry
(C) Forestry
(D) Mining
Which of the following is not a benefit of agriculture?
(A) Food production
(B) Fiber production
(C) Fuel production
(D) Pollution
Which of the following is the most common type of agriculture in the world?
(A) Subsistence agriculture
(B) Commercial agriculture
(C) Industrial agriculture
(D) Organic agriculture
Which of the following is not a challenge facing agriculture?
(A) Climate change
(B) Water scarcity
(C) Soil erosion
(D) Overpopulation
Which of the following is the most important factor in determining the type of agriculture that is practiced in a particular area?
(A) Climate
(B) Soil
(C) Water
(D) Labor
Which of the following is not a way to improve agricultural productivity?
(A) Use of fertilizers
(B) Use of pesticides
(C) Use of Irrigation
(D) Use of Organic Farming methods
Which of the following is the most common type of crop grown in the world?
(A) Rice
(B) Wheat
(C) Corn
(D) Soybeans
Which of the following is not a major livestock species?
(A) Cattle
(B) Pigs
(C) Chickens
(D) Sheep
Which of the following is the most common type of forest product?
(A) Wood
(B) Paper
(C) Lumber
(D) Fuelwood
Which of the following is not a major environmental impact of agriculture?
(A) Deforestation
(B) Soil erosion
(C) Water pollution
(D) Air Pollution
Which of the following is the most common type of agricultural subsidy?
(A) Price support
(B) Direct payment
(C) Loan guarantee
(D) Crop insurance
Which of the following is not a goal of sustainable agriculture?
(A) Increase food production
(B) Reduce environmental impact
(C) Improve farmer livelihoods
(D) Increase profits for agribusinesses
Which of the following is the most common type of organic farming method?
(A) Crop rotation
(B) Cover cropping
(C) No-till farming
(D) Integrated pest management
Which of the following is not a benefit of organic farming?
(A) Reduced use of pesticides
(B) Improved soil health
(C) Increased Biodiversity-2/”>Biodiversity
(D) Increased profits for farmers
Which of the following is the most common type of genetically modified crop?
(A) Corn
(B) Soybeans
(C) Cotton
(D) Canola
Which of the following is not a concern about genetically modified crops?
(A) Increased herbicide use
(B) Decreased biodiversity
(C) Increased risk of allergies
(D) Increased risk of cancer
Which of the following is the most common type of agricultural waste?
(A) Manure
(B) Crop residues
(C) Animal waste
(D) Food waste
Which of the following is not a way to manage agricultural waste?
(A) Composting
(B) Anaerobic Digestion
(C) Landfilling
(D) Incineration
Which of the following is the most common type of agricultural pest?
(A) Insects
(B) Weeds
(C) Diseases
(D) Rodents
Which of the following is not a way to control agricultural pests?
(A) Biological control
(B) Chemical control
(C) Cultural control
(D) Mechanical control