<<–2/”>a >h4 style=”text-align: center;”>The Arab Invasion of India
The first incursion by the new Muslim successor states of the Persian Empire occurred around 664 CE during the Umayyad Caliphate, led by Mohalib towards Multan in Southern Punjab, in modern day Pakistan. Mohalib’s expeditions were not aimed at conquest, though they penetrated only as far as the capital of the Maili, he returned with wealth and prisoners of war. This was an Arab incursion and part of the early Umayyad push onwards from the Islamic conquest of Persia into Central Asia, and within the limits of the eastern borders of previous
Persian empires.
The first attack of Arabs under Ubaidullah failed. He was defeated and killed, After this, a series of expeditions were sent to conquer an outpost of Sindh, which all ended in failure. Then Hajjaj made elaborate preparation for the attack on Sindh and sent a powerful army under the command of his nephew and son-in-law Muhammad bin Qasim in 711 AD with 6000 horses, 6000 camels, 3000 animals loaded with equipments and a large infantry. Muhammad bin Qasim proceded towards Sindh through Makarana and first conquered Debel where he received fresh reinforcement sent by Hjjaj through the sea.
Sind, a principality on the shores of the Arabian Sea and the lower reaches of the Indus,was invaded from the sea by the Muslims in 711. The sea port of Daibul fell first, thenseveral towns on the banks of the Indus, including Arur, the capital. Finally, in 713, the Arabs took Multan and the conquest was complete. The fall of Sind opened the way to the
markets of Central Asia.
The Ghaznavid Invasion of India.
The Ghaznavid Dynasty was founded after the Turk slaves reached higher posts, such as commander-in-chiefs, in the Samanid court; they then took over the state of Khorasan. The real founder of the Ghaznavid Dynasty is, in fact, Sabuktigin. It was in his time that the Ghaznavid Sovereignty expanded. Mahmud Ghazni was Son of Sabuktigin, the founder of Ghazni dynasty & Turkish slave commander.
In all Mahmud Ghazni invaded India 17 times during AD 1000–1026.Mahmud Ghazni first encountered the Hindushai ruler, Jaipal in AD 1001. In the years AD 1004–06 Mahmud Ghazni attacked the rulers of Multan. Soon Punjab also passed into the hands of the Ghaznavids. Between AD 1014–1019, Mahmud enriched his treasury by looting the temples of Nagarkot, Thanesar, Mathura and Kanauj.
The attack against Nagarkot in AD 1008 has been described as his first great triumph. In AD 1025, Mahmud embarked on the most ambitious Indian campaign, the attack on the Somnath temple in Saurashtra. Mahmud captured the city after grim struggle in which more than 50,000 defenders lost their lives. Mahmud left Somnath after a fortnight when he came to know that the Gujarat king Bhima-I had completed preparations to confront him. His attacks on India were an attempt to fulfil his ambi- tion to make Ghazni the formidable power in the politics of Central Asia. Mahmud’s raids into India were only to acquire the famous wealth of India. This wealth would help him to consolidate his vast rule in Central Asia. He did not wish to establish an empire in India. The Ghaznavids had their control on parts of Punjab and Sind which continued till AD 1135. However his invasions exposed the weak defence of Indian kingdoms. They also opened possibility of attacks in future by the Turks.
The Mongol invasion of India
During Sultan Qutb-ud-din Aibak’s time, the Mongols, appeared in the East of India and emerged as a great power under the Leadership of Genghiz Khan (1165-1227). He was born in 1165 to Yesugei and Hoelun. He was brought up by his ablest mother Hoelun after his father was poisoned to death by Tatars. In his incessant wars, he exhibited such remarkable traits of heroism and diplomacy that led him to transform the entire social and military structure of Mongolia.
The Mongol troops had a strict code of discipline and harsh penalties for infringements of regulations. The Mongol
hordes were divided in units of 10, 100, 1,000, and 10,000 soldiers (known as an arban, jagun, minghan and tümen respectively; the latter corresponds to a modern regiment).
Under this system fighters from different tribes were united in unified military formations, whose chief strategy was to “march divided, attack united,” and the strategies used were based on large-scale skirmish manoeuvres that helped the Mongols defeat numerically superior but fragmented forces from the Oxus to the Volga.
While chasing Jalal-ud-Din Khwarzam Shah (Ruler of Khwarazmian dynasty), Genghiz Khan stormed Afghanistan and the territories nowadays parts of Pakistan. Initially, Jalal-ud-Din defeated an advance Mongol army with the help of the Afghan fighters. However after the coming of Genghiz Khan, Jalal-ud-Din left Ghazni and entered into the areas of the Delhi Sultanate and encamped at the west bank of river Indus. In December 1221 AD, Genghiz Khan followed him and crushed his army while he fled crossing the Indus waters. He was given refuge by the Delhi Sultan. Genghiz Khan marched back due to hot summer. But in his way back he devastated the present day Punjab, Afghan borderland, Ghazni and Herat.
In 1235 Mongol force invaded Kashmir, stationing a darughachi (administrative governor) there for several years, and Kashmir became a Mongolian dependency
In 1285 AD, the Mongols invaded Multan and killed Prince Muhammad Khan.
During the reign of Ala-ud-din Khilji, Mongols invaded the country several times but were successfully repulsed. From these invasion Alla-ud-din Khilji learnt the lessons of keeping himself prepared, by fortifying and organizing his armed forces.
The invasion of Mongol ruler Timur in 1398 A.D. sealed the fate of the Tughluq dynasty. Muhammad fled and Timur captured the city and destroyed many temples in north India. Thousands of people were killed and Delhi was plundered for fifteen days, Timur returned to Samarkhand carrying away a large amount of wealth with him.,
The Islam/”>Advent Of Islam in India is a complex and multifaceted topic. It is generally agreed that Islam first came to India in the 7th century CE, when Arab traders and missionaries arrived on the Malabar coast. However, the exact nature of the early Muslim presence in India is a matter of debate. Some scholars believe that the Arabs quickly converted large numbers of Indians to Islam, while others argue that the early Muslim community was small and largely confined to the coastal regions.
Whatever the case may have been, Islam began to spread more rapidly in India in the 12th century CE, following the arrival of the Turkic conqueror Muhammad Ghori. Ghori’s conquests led to the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate, which ruled over much of northern India for over two centuries. During this time, Islam became the dominant religion in the region, and many Hindu temples were destroyed or converted into mosques.
The Delhi Sultanate was eventually overthrown by the Mughal Empire in the 16th century CE. The Mughals were a Muslim dynasty that ruled over much of India for over three centuries. Under Mughal rule, Islam continued to spread in India, and many Hindu temples were rebuilt or converted into mosques.
The Mughal Empire began to decline in the 18th century CE, and was eventually overthrown by the British East India Company in the 19th century CE. The British ruled over India for over 100 years, and during this time, Islam continued to spread in India. However, the British also introduced a number of reforms that had a negative impact on the Muslim community. For example, the British abolished the practice of polygamy, which was common among Muslims.
India gained independence from Britain in 1947, and the country was partitioned into two separate states: India and Pakistan. Pakistan was created as a homeland for Muslims, and the majority of Muslims in India migrated to Pakistan. However, there are still millions of Muslims living in India today.
The Arab invasion of Sindh was a military campaign that took place in the 8th century CE. The Arabs were led by Muhammad bin Qasim, and they invaded the Indian subcontinent from the northwest. The Arabs were successful in conquering Sindh, and they established a Muslim presence in the region.
The Arab invasion of Sindh had a significant impact on the history of India. It marked the beginning of the Muslim conquest of India, and it led to the spread of Islam in the region. The invasion also had a major impact on the culture and Society of India.
The Turk invasion of India was a series of military campaigns that took place in the 11th and 12th centuries CE. The Turks were led by Mahmud of Ghazni, and they invaded the Indian subcontinent from the northwest. The Turks were successful in conquering much of northern India, and they established a Muslim presence in the region.
The Turk invasion of India had a significant impact on the history of India. It marked the beginning of the Muslim conquest of India, and it led to the spread of Islam in the region. The invasion also had a major impact on the culture and society of India.
The impact of the Arab and Turk invasions on India was profound. Islam became a major Religion in India, and it had a major impact on the culture and society of the country. The invasions also led to the destruction of many Hindu temples and the displacement of many Hindus.
The legacy of the Arab and Turk invasions is still felt in India today. Islam is the second largest religion in India, and it continues to play an important role in the country’s culture and society. The invasions also left a legacy of conflict between Hindus and Muslims, which continues to be a major source of tension in India today.
Frequently Asked Questions about the Advent of Islam in India
- When did Islam first arrive in India?
Islam first arrived in India in the 7th century AD, when Arab traders and missionaries brought the religion to the Malabar Coast.
- How did Islam spread in India?
Islam spread in India through a combination of trade, conquest, and conversion. Arab traders and missionaries brought the religion to the Malabar Coast, and Muslim rulers conquered parts of India in the 12th and 13th centuries. Conversion to Islam was also encouraged by Sufi saints and scholars.
- What was the impact of Islam on Indian Society?
Islam had a significant impact on Indian society. It introduced new ideas about religion, law, and government, and it led to the development of a new Muslim culture in India. Islam also played a role in the development of the Indian subcontinent’s economy and trade.
Frequently Asked Questions about the Arab Invasion of Sindh
- When did the Arab invasion of Sindh take place?
The Arab invasion of Sindh took place in 711 AD.
- Who led the Arab invasion of Sindh?
The Arab invasion of Sindh was led by Muhammad bin Qasim.
- What was the outcome of the Arab invasion of Sindh?
The Arab invasion of Sindh was successful, and the Arabs conquered the region.
- What was the impact of the Arab invasion of Sindh on Indian society?
The Arab invasion of Sindh had a significant impact on Indian society. It introduced Islam to the region, and it led to the development of a new Muslim culture in India.
Frequently Asked Questions about the Turk Invasion of India
- When did the Turk invasion of India take place?
The Turk invasion of India took place in the 12th century AD.
- Who led the Turk invasion of India?
The Turk invasion of India was led by Muhammad Ghori.
- What was the outcome of the Turk invasion of India?
The Turk invasion of India was successful, and the Turks conquered much of the Indian subcontinent.
- What was the impact of the Turk invasion of India on Indian society?
The Turk invasion of India had a significant impact on Indian society. It led to the establishment of Muslim rule in much of the subcontinent, and it also led to the development of a new Muslim culture in India.
Question 1
The first Muslim ruler of India was:
(a) Muhammad bin Qasim
(b) Mahmud of Ghazni
(c) Qutb-ud-din Aibak
(d) Alauddin Khilji
Answer (c)
Question 2
The capital of the Delhi Sultanate was:
(a) Delhi
(b) Agra
(c) Lahore
(d) Multan
Answer (a)
Question 3
The most famous Sufi saint of India was:
(a) Moinuddin Chishti
(b) Nizamuddin Auliya
(c) Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti
(d) Shah Rukn-e-Alam
Answer (a)
Question 4
The Mughal Empire was founded by:
(a) Babur
(b) Humayun
(c) Akbar
(d) Jahangir
Answer (a)
Question 5
The Taj Mahal was built by:
(a) Shah Jahan
(b) Jahangir
(c) Akbar
(d) Aurangzeb
Answer (a)
Question 6
The last Mughal emperor was:
(a) Bahadur Shah Zafar
(b) Aurangzeb
(c) Shah Jahan
(d) Jahangir
Answer (a)
Question 7
The British East India Company was founded in:
(a) 1600
(b) 1612
(c) 1615
(d) 1618
Answer (a)
Question 8
The Battle Of Plassey was fought in:
(a) 1757
(b) 1761
(c) 1764
(d) 1767
Answer (a)
Question 9
The Battle of Buxar was fought in:
(a) 1764
(b) 1765
(c) 1766
(d) 1767
Answer (a)
Question 10
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was also known as:
(a) The Sepoy Mutiny
(b) The First War of Independence
(c) The Indian Mutiny
(d) The Great Rebellion
Answer (b)