Notes and Study material for Exams
Socio-religious reform movements of Punjab The Arya Samaj Till the end of the first half of the nineteenth century the whole of the Punjab had been brought under British colonial administration. In Punjab, the creative response to colonial rule first emerged among Hindus from the Vaishya community. There were historical reasons for the dominance of … Read more
Nature is dynamic. It causes inheritable changes in all living organisms. For thousands of years, farmer around the world have been selecting and conserving varieties of different crop Plants that they cultivated. This process has generated a rich wealth of varieties in each crop plant, seen to be most abundant in countries near the equator … Read more
Agricultural problems in Punjab Draught and farmers suicide Punjab’s farmers have been facing several issues ranging from improper technology to agricultural loan debts. Punjab is a vast state with varied topography, while there are agriculturally prosperous regions, some regions are severely affected by the frequent droughts. The Punjab government even after introducing and implementing certain … Read more
Panchayats And Municipalities Panchayats Village Panchayat In the structure of the Panchayati Raj, the Village Panchayat is the lowest unit. There is a Panchayat for each village or a group of villages in case the Population of these villages happens to be too small. The Panchayat chiefly consists of representatives elected by the people of … Read more
District has been the basic unit of administration in India since ancient times. In India, we have a democratic welfare state which involves wide scope of activities for the development of the people and the nation as a whole. District Administration, is that part of Public Administration which functions in the territorial limits of the … Read more
Central Government The executive powers of the President are exercised by the Council of Ministers. The Constitution provides that “there shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President in the excercise of his functions”. Here the word “shall” indicates that the President cannot function … Read more
Parliament is the central institution through which the will of the people is expressed, laws are passed and government is held to account. It plays a vital role in a Democracy, and endeavours to be truly representative, transparent, accessible, accountable and effective in its many functions. The Parliament has two Houses–Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha. … Read more
The doctrine of the Separation of Powers finds its roots in the ancient world, where the concepts of governmental functions, and the theories of mixed and balanced government, were evolved. These were essential Elements in the development of The doctrine of the separation of powers. Their transmission through medieval writings, to provide the basis of … Read more
Dispute Redressal Mechanisms and Institutions. Emergence and use of Alternative Dispute Redressal Mechanisms. In a Democracy, the citizens make the government and hold it accountable. Government is operated by Bureaucracy for whom the rules and regulations are more important than helping the citizens. Also, it tends to keep things secret and department like electricity and … Read more
Ministries and Departments of the Government Ministries And Departments of Government of India: Ministry of Home Affairs Department of Home Department of Border Management Department of States Department of Internal Security Department of Official Language Department of Jammu & Kashmir Affairs Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers (Including Pharmaceuticals) Department of Pharmaceuticals Department of Fertilizers Department … Read more